A4 


UC-NRLF 


B    3    E7fi    327 


SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER    •   1918 


•THE-AMEJRICAN^ 

SO\NDiNAVJAN 


REViEW 


SLESVIG  NUMBER 


ADVERT  IS  E  ME  X  TS 


SCANDINAVIAN  TRUST  COMPANY 

56  Broadway,  New  York 

MEMBER  FEDERAL  RESERVE  BANK  OF  NEW  YORK 

Condensed  Statement  of  Condition  at  the  Close  of  Business,  June  Twentieth,  Nineteen  Eighteen. 

LIABILITIES 
Capital $1,000,000.00 


ASSETS 

Loans  and  Discounts $20,97^,846.00 

Bonds  and  Securities 4,-157,053.71 

Cash  on  Hand  and  in  Banks 3,897,700.44 

Accrued     Interest     and    Accounts 

Receivable 78,576.09 

Customers"  Liabilities  Under  Letters 

of  Credit  and  Acceptances,  etc. .  .         403,410.32 


Surplus 1,500,000.00 


Undivided  Profits 

Reserve     for     Unearned     Interest, 

Taxes,  etc 

Accrued  Interest  Payable . 


206,767.84 


217,004.57 
58,631.26 


Deposits 26,423,772.57 

Letters  of  Credit  and  Acceptances.         403,410.32 


$29,809,586.56 


$29,809,586.56 


OFFICERS 


ALEXANDER  V.  OSTROM,   President 

B.  E.  SMYTHE Vice-President  DANFORTH  CARDOZO Secretary 

MAURICE  F.  BAYARD Treasurer  C.  C.  KELLEY Asst.  Secretary 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

JOHS.  ANDERSEN J.  Andersen  &  Company 

KNUT  BACHKE Andresens  Bank,  Christiania 

PHILIP  G.  BARTLETT Simpson,  Thacher  &  Bartlett 

CHARLES  E.  BEDFORD Vice-President,  Vacuum  Oil  Company 

JAMES  F.  BELL Vice-President,  Washburn-Crosby  Company 

JOHN  E.  BER\YIND Vice-President,  Berwind-White  Coal  Co. 

R.  R.   BROWN First  Vice-President,  American  Surety  Company 

WILLIAM  R.  COE Chairman,  Johnson  &  Higgins 

GERHARD  M.  DAHL Vice-President,  Chase  National  Bank 

S.  E.  DAHL Centralbanken  for  Norge,  Christiania 

W.  EDWARD  FOSTER Treasurer,  American  Sugar  Refining  Company 

SAMUEL  L.  FULLER Kissel,  Kinnicutt  &  Company 

EDWARD  F.  GEER Shipowner 

CHARLES  S.  HAIGHT Haight,  Sanford  &  Smith 

G.  KAMSTRUP  HEGGE Den  Norske  Creditbank,  Christiania 

EDWIN  O.  HOLTER Attorney 

FREDERICK  W.  HVOSLEF Bennett,  Hvoslef  &  Company 

N.  BRUCE  MacKELVIE Hayden,  Stone  &  Company 

C.  M.  MacNEILL   , President,  Utah  Copper  Company 

ALEXANDER  R.  KfOOt  .  .  . Tj-easliifep;  4tl^ntic  Gulf  &  West  Indies  Steamship  Lines 

ALEXANDER  V.  OSTROM ...  .'^  .  .t.  *.•*:.•. / President 

BIRGER  OSLAND,., ,..  .,  .,..^...  General  .Western  Agent,  Norwegian-America  Line 

EDWIN  A.   P( )'jrtirat«^r*. :,'.;...;.;.  .J^rvsidejit.  Finance  and  Trading  Corporation 

E.  A.  CAPPELETN  BMITM.*.  *:'.  .  .\*.  V.*. :  !  .vV.* Guggenheim  Brothers 

NIEL  A.  WEATHERS Simpson,  Thacher  and  Bartlett 

NORWEGIAN  ADVISORY  BOARD 

KNUT  BACHKE Andresens  Bank,  Christiania 

CHR.  BONGE  Bergens  Kreditbank,  Bergen 

F.  BRUENECH Christiania  Bank  og  Kreditkasse,  Christiania 

S.  E.  DAHL Centralbanken  for  Norge,  Christiania 

G.  K.  HEGGE Den  Norske  Kreditbank,  Christiania 

KR.  JEBSEN Bergens  Privatbank,  Bergen 

CHR.  THAULOW Den  Nordenfjeldske  Kreditbank.  Trondhjem 


ing  advertisements 


ise  mention  The  American'-Scaxdinavian  Review 


The  American-Scandinavian  Review 

VoLDMB  VI        SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER,  1918       Numbeb  S 

Published  Bi-Monthly  by  The  American-Scandinavian  Foundation,  25  West  45th  Street,  New  York 

Yearly  Subscription,  $1.50.       (One  dollar  to  Associates  of  the  Foundation.)       Single  Copies,  25  cents 

Entered  aa  second-class  matter,  January  4,  1913,  at  the  post-office  at  New  York,  N.  Y.,  under  the  act  of  March  3,  1879 
Copyright,  1916,  The  American-Scandinavian  Foundation 

Henry  Goddard  Leach,  Editor  Hanna  Astrup  Larsen,  Literary  Editor 

Advisors 

New  York,  Hamilton  Holt  Copenhagen,  Harald  Nielsen 

Stockholm,  Carl  Laxtrin  Christiania,  Christian  Collin 

CONTENTS 

page 
THE    EIDER   STONE Cover 

CONTRIBUTORS   249 

GOTTORP    CASTLE.     Ilhistration     250 

ESSENTIAL  JUSTICE   251 

FIFTY  YEARS  UNDER  GERMAN  RULE.     By  Ivar  Kirkegaard     .  252 

SLESVIG  BEFORE  1864.     By  K.  C.  Bodholdt.     Eight  Illustrations  .  .  259 

ARE  THE  SLESVIGERS  DANES  OR  GERMANS.?     By  Jens  Jensen. 

Map  and  Four  Illustrations 268 

TWO   MONUMENTS.     Illustrations  272 

MEMORY  SONG.     Poem.     By  H.  P.  Hoist.     Tr.  Jane  Campbell 273 

DANES    IN    THE     GERMAN    REICHSTAG.     By    Karen    Larsen. 

Three  Illustrations    274 

THE   SCANDINAVIAN    "BOLSHEVIKI."     By  Karl  Gustav  Dernby       277 

THE    KIEL   CANAL.     Illustration    282 

ALEXANDER   E.   JOHNSON.     One  Illustration 283 

EDITORIALS:  Self-Determination  for  Slesvig,  The  Value  of  Slesvig 
to  Germany,  South-Jutlanders  During  the  War,  A  New  Fourth, 
Amundsen's   Departure,   War   Savings 284 

CURRENT  EVENTS:  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway    289 

BOOKS :  Essay  Toward  a  History  of  Shakespeare  in  Norway,  Sweden- 
America,  The  Historic  Basis  of  "The  Holy  City" 292 

BRIEF  NOTES,  FINANCIAL  AND  TRADE  NOTES 


Founded  by  NIELS  POULSON,  in  1911 


242 


.c5> 


IX' 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


The  National  City  Bank  of  New  York 

has  correspondence  relationships  with  the  strongest 
banks  in  Scandinavia  and  maintains  a  representa- 
tive in  Copenhagen  to  facihtate  their  business  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  able  to  offer  unusual  facil- 
ities for  the  transaction  of  commerce  everywhere. 
Its  Travelers'  Letters  of  Credit  and  Commercial 
Credits  command  funds  in  all  accessible  countries. 

Condensed  Statement  as  of  May  10,  1918 

ASSETS 

CASH  on  hand,  in  Federal  Reserve  Bank  and  due  from 

Banks  and  Bankers  and  United  States  Treasurer   $151,779,713.92 

Acceptances  of  Other  Banks 35,397,183.63 

UNITED    STATES    TREASURY    CERTIFICATES 

Maturing  in   less  than  90  days 140,512,500.00 


UNITED  STATES  BONDS 25,449.526.20 

Loans  and  Discounts 310,702,357.99 

Other  Bonds 39,291,806.09 

Stock  in  Federal  Reserve  Bank 1,500,000.00 

Due  from  Branches 

Banking  House    

Customers'  Liability  Account  of  Acceptances 

Other  Assets 

Total 


LIABILITIES 

CAPITAL,  Surplus  and  Undivided  Profits 

DEPOSITS 

Reserve  for  Expenses,  Taxes,  and  Unearned   Interest 

Circulation 

Rediscounts  and  Foreign  Bills  of  Exchange  Sold 

Acceptances,  Cash  Letters  of  Credit  and  Travelers'  Checks . 
Other  Liabilities 


Total . 


$327,689,397.55 


376,943,690.28 
14,058,790.31 

5,000,000.00 
20,637,939.26 

2,911,280.35 

$747,241,097.75 


$  74,994,970.02 
628.196.322.63 

4,605,767.41 
1,756,300.00 
9,963,889.69 
22,181,039.01 
5,542,808.99 

$747,241,097.75 


:^T:s2s^^itT 


Map  of  the  Foreign  Branches  of  The  National  City  Hank,  of  Nbw  Vork  and  its  amiiate,  tiie 
International  Banking  Corporation 


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ADVERTISEMENTS 


243 


FINANCIAL 

Notes  About  Issues  in  the  Financial  World 
Most    Interesting    to    Readers   of   the    Review 

Fine  Bank  Record 

Few  financial  establishments  in  the  United  States 
can  equal  the  record  of  the  Scandinavian  Trust  Com- 
pany of  New  York,  which  at  the  conclusion  of  the  first 
year  of  its  existence,  in  June,  showed  deposits  of  more 
than  $26,000,000  The  loans  and  discounts  in  the 
semi-annual  statement  figured  $20,972,846.  The  growth 
of  the  business  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  an  assistant 
secretary  has  been  appointed,  C.  C.  Kelley  joining  the 
Scandinavian  Trust  Company  in  that  capacity. 


War  Thrift  Urged 

The  War  Loan  organization  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment continues  its  appeal  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  to  aid  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  by  liberal 
investment  in  War  Savings  Stamps.  Congress  has 
authorized  an  issue  of  $2,000,000,000  for  1918.  The 
purpose  is  twofold:  (1)  to  get  money  for  the  Govern- 
ment for  war  needs;  (2)  to  instill  the  habit  of  thrift 
into  the  American  people  and  by  the  practice  of  thrift 
to  save  labor  and  material  for  the  Government.  The 
Review  trusts  its  readers  will  see  the  wisdom  of  giving 
heed  to  what  the  Government  has  to  say  in  this  matter. 


Stocks  Looking  Up 

According  to  Bradstreet's,  the  stock  market  during 
the  half-year  ended  July  1  had  a  "substantial  but 
irregular  advance."  The  movement,  to  quote  once 
more,  "represented  a  recovery  from  the  semi-panicky 
conditions  into  which  the  securities  market  fell  during 
the  latter  months  of  1917."  Bradstreet's  appears  of  the 
opinion,  concurred  in  by  other  authorities,  that  Govern- 
ment control  of  railroads  has  had  a  good  eflfect  from  the 
investment  standpoint. 


Hannevigs  Enlarging  Business  Quarters 

With  the  removal  of  Hannevig  &  Company  to  larger 
quarters  at  32  Broadway,  the  banking  facilities  of  the 
Hannevig  interests  remain  at  139  Broadway,  in  charge 
of  Andreas  Stolt  as  manager,  while  the  shipping  division 
is  at  the  new  address,  under  the  management  of  Finn 
Hannevig. 


September  28,  1918 

The  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  is  announced  to  begin 
September  28.  We  count  on  the  readers  of  the  Review 
to  respond  as  generously  as  they  have  in  the  past. 
Meanwhile  War  Savings  Stamps  are  within  the  reach 
of  everyone  who  conscientiously  wishes  to  save. 

American-Norwegian  Financial  Link 

The  Norwegian  American  Securities  Corporation, 
under  the  presidency  of  T.  Barth,  continues  to  prove  its 
value  to  Scandinavian  interests  in  America.  The 
difficulty  of  corresponding  under  the  present  abnormal 
conditions  is  to  a  considerable  extent  overcome  when  a 
financial  and  investment  organization  like  the  Nor- 
wegian American  Securities  Corporation  is  at  hand  to 
facilitate  business.  Many  Norwegians  with  extensive 
interests  here  have  found  this  service  invaluable  in 
recent  months,  and  as  the  Norwegian  importations 
increase  with  the  lifting  of  the  embargo  still  greater 
need  will  be  found  for  such  an  international  medium. 

J.  M. 


BROWN  BROTHERS  &  CO. 

Philadelphia  NEW  YORK  Boston 

Members   of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston   Stock  Exchanges 

Investment  Securities 
Foreign  Exchange 
Deposit  Accounts 
Commercial  Credits 
Travelers'  Credits 

BUSINESS  ESTABLISHED  IN  AMERICA  1800 

BROWN,     SHIPLEY    &    CO. 

LONDON 


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244 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


Scandinavian  Investors 

should  be  particularly  interested  in  a  publication  which  has  been 
issued  by  my  firm, 

A.  B.  LEACH  k  CO.,  Inc. 

62  CEDAR  STREET 
NEW  YORK, 

and   which  explains  the  great  advantage  which  to-day  they  have 
over  any  other  investors. 

Please  write  for  copy,  which  will  be  mailed  free  of  charge. 

NIELS  FRODE  HOLCH 


ESTABLISHED    1879 


STATE  BANK  OF  CHICAGO 

member  federal  reserve  system 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Chicago,  III. 

CAPITAL $1,500,000.00 

SURPLUS : 3,000,000.00 

UNDIVIDED  PROFITS 1,094,571.00 


OFFICERS 

Lerot  a.  Goddabd 

President 

Henry  A.  Haugan 
Oscar  H.  Haugan 

Vice-Presidents 

Henry  S.  Henschen 

Vice-Pres.  and  Cashier 

C.  Edward  Carlson 
Walter  J.  Cox 

Vice-Presidents 

Frank  I.  Packard 

Austin  J.  Lindstrom 

Joseph  F.  Notheis 

Assistant  Cashiers 

Samuel  E.  Knight 
Secretary 

William  C.  Miller 

Assistant  Secretary 


CHECKING  ACCOUNTS 

of  individuals,  firms  and  corpora- 
tions are  solicited.  Loans  made  on 
approved  names  or  collaterals. 


WILLS  AND  TRUSTS 

This  bank's  Trust  Department  is 
equipped  to  handle  with  skill  and 
experience  its  clients'  wills,  estates, 
agencies,  trusteeships,  etc.,  and  is 
authorized  by  law  to  act  in  such 
matters. 

INVESTMENTS 

Clients  wishing  to  avail  themselves 
of  the  bank's  experience  in  selecting 
safe  investments  are  invited  to  call 
on  or  write  our  Bond  Department 
or  Real  Estate  Loan  Department 
for  choice  bonds  and  mortgages 
yielding  5M  and  6  per  cent,  interest. 
These  can  be  had  in  amounts  of 
J500  and  upwards. 


DIRECTORS 

David  N.  Barker 

J.  J.  Dau 
Chairman,  Reid,  Murdoch  &  Co. 

Leroy  a.  Goddard 
President 

Henry  A.  Haugan 
Vice-President 

H.  G.  Haugan 
Retired 

Oscar  H.  Haugan 

Vice-President 

A.  Lanquist 

President  Lanquist  &  lUsley  Co. 

Wm.  a.  Peterson 
Proprietor  Peterson  Nursery 

Chas.  Piez 
President  Link  Belt  Co. 

Moses  J.  Wentworth 
Capitalist 


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ADVERTISEMENTS  245 


HANNEVIG  AND  COMPANY 

Bankers 

139  Broadway,  New  York 

SPECIALIZING  IN 

SHIPPING  and  FOREIGN  EXCHANGE 

HANNEVIG  AND  COMPANY 

139  Broadway,  New  York 
12n  Iroahma^  Nm  fork  5an  Jiftlj  Aupnu? 

London  Office,  41  Threadneedle  Street 

Resources  Over  $50,000,000 

The  Fifth  Avenue  Office  of  this  Company,  corner  47th  Street, 
is  accessibly  situated  for  anyone  desiring  the  services  of  an 
Uptown  Banking  Institution.  Careful  and  courteous  atten- 
tion given  to  any  business  entrusted  to  it. 

Interest  may  be  arranged  upon  accounts  subject  to  check. 

Certificates  of  Deposit,  maturing  at  a  date  to  suit  the  needs 
of  the  depositor,  issued  at  favorable  rates  of  interest. 

iEmjftr?  ^afj?  iFpoatt  (Unmpang 

Safe  Deposit  Vaults 

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38278S 


246  ADVERTISEMENTS 


Norwegian  American   Securities 
Corporation 

74  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK  CITY 

Capital,  $1,000,000 

TRYGVE  BARTH,  President 
LEIF  H.  STROM,  Vice-President  GEORGE  REITH,  Vice-President 

B.  KROEPELIEN,  Sec'y  and  Treas.  LEROY  JONES,  Assistant  Secretary 

DI  RECTORS 

T.  BARTH,  President  L.  H.  STROM,  Vice-Pres.  New  York  Oversea  Co. 

T.  LANGLAND  THOMPSON,  Attorney  GUNNAR  HARTMANN,  Pres.  Hart  Trading  Co. 

W.  K.  FRIMANN,  Shipowner  GEORGE  REITH,  Vice-President 

B.  KROEPELIEN,  Treasurer  C.  STEENDAL,  Pres.  Jefferson  Insurance  Co. 

WILHELM  ALME,  Man.  Dir.  Bergen  Agent  a/s  WM.  SCHENSTROM,  Pres.  Electric  Welding  Co. 

TH.  JLLLUM,  Gen.  Agt.  Norw'g'n  Marine  Ins.  Go's  of  America 

P.  HARSEM,  Merchant  KARL  KROGSTAD,  President  S.  0.  Stray  &  Co. 

The  Norwegian  American  Securities  Corporation  was  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  faciHtating  business  transactions  between  Norway  and  the 
other  Scandinavian  Countries  and  the  United  States  of  America. 


<^\\\iV^^  Cable  Address: 

Members  of                                      c9^\\^iu//^  "Norameric"  New  York 

New  York  Produce                            ^^^^lllli^^'^  A.B.C.  Code  Fifth  Edition, 

Exchange                                  JltTT^^^^^^^^  Watkins  Scotts  and  Private 

Norwegian  American  Trading  Co. 

INCORPORATED 

25  Broad  Street,  New  York,  U.  S.  A. 

and  Kristiania,  Norway 

EXPORT  : 

Food  Products,  Metals  and  Machinery,  Drugs,  and  Chemicals, 

Manila  Rope,  and  Cotton  Yarns 

Flour.  Lard,  Oleo,  Oil,  Hams,  Bacon,   Beef,  Pork,  Sugar,  Syrup,  Molasses,  Apples,  Coffees,  Peas  and 

Beans.     Steel  Wire,  Coke,  Tin  Plate.  Galvanized  Steel  Plates,  Plumbers'  Supplies,  Motors, 

and  all  kinds  of  Machinery.     Write  for  Catalogue 

IMPORT: 

Canned,  Salt,  and  Dry  Fish,  Fertilizer,  Fish  Oils,  Wood  Pulp, 

and  Sulphites 

GENERAL  REPRESENTATIVE  IN  NORWAY: 
BIRGER  GRAN,  Kristiania  JENS  GRAN  &  SON,  Bergen 

References:  National  City  Bank  of  New  York;  New  York  Produce  Exchange  Bank,  N.  Y.;  Kristiania  Bank  og  Kredit- 
kasse,  Kristiania;  Centralbanken  for  Norge,  Kristiania;  Bradstreet's  Commercial  Agency 

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DVERTISEMEXTS 


When  the  Foreign  Business  Man 
Comes  to  the  United  States 

He  will  always  find  a  cordial  welcome  from  The  New 
York  Evening  Post. 

He  comes  to  our  shores  bringing  a  greeting  and  a  mes- 
sage from  his  native  land.  His  mission  is  in  the  interest 
of  international  commerce. 

His  commissions  are  many;  his  time  is  limited.  Strange 
surroundings  and  unfamiliar  customs  oftentimes  make 
his  task  difficult. 

He  brings  excellent  introductions  which  place  him  in 
touch  with  small  groups  of  our  business  men  who  are 
glad  to  assist  him.  But  often  he  confronts  them  with 
questions  which  they  are  not  prepared  to  answer  imme- 
diately and  accurately.  In  such  a  case  an  enterprising 
newspaper  may  perform  a  service  of  special  value. 

The  International  Bureau 

will  undertake  to  render  any  assistance  within  its  power. 
Its  facilities  are  cheerfully  placed  at  the  disposal  of  per- 
sons interested  in  world  trade. 

By  aiding  business  men  who  come  to  us  from  foreign  lands 
The  New  York  Evening  Post  stimulates  international  trade 
and  thus  renders  also  a  genuine  service  to  American  business. 

3Iore  Than  a  Newspaper — A  National  Institution 

Founded  1801 


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248 


ADVER  T I  SEMEN  TS 


AN  intimate  knowledge  of  commercial 
-^~V  conditions  in  Norway  and  Sweden  is 
obtained  by  this  bank  through  personal 
contact  with  the  executives  of  its  long 
established  Scandinavian  connections. 


IRVING  NATIONAL  BANK 


WOOLWORTH  BUILDING 


NEW  YORK 


Strictly  a  Commercial  Bank 


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C0NTRIBT:T0RS  to  the  SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER  NT^rBER 


The  cover  illustration  is  a  photograph  of  the  stone  mentioned  in  Mr.  Bodholdt's 
article  which  was  placed  by  Christian  V  at  the  Eider  River  to  mark  the  boundary 
between  Slesvig  and  Holstein. 

IvAR  KiRKEGAAKD  will  be  remembered  by  readers  of  the  Review  as  the 
author  of  the  article  on  "The  Fall  of  Dannevirke  and  Dybbcil"  in  our  Yule 
Number.  A  Dane  by  birth  and  for  many  years  a  resident  of  this  country,  he 
has  visited  the  old  battle  grounds  in  Slesvig,  interviewed  the  people  who  still 
remember  the  days  of  1864,  as  well  as  their  descendants  who  now  live  under  the 
(irerman  rule.  His  book  My  South  Jutland  Daya  appeared  serially  in  a  Danish 
magazine,  in   1909. 

K.  (>.  BoDHOLDT  is  the  president  of  the  United  Danish  Church  of  America.  He 
was  born  in  Slesvig,  in  1855.  As  a  young  man  he  followed  the  sea,  but  came 
to  America,  studied  at  the  Danish  schools  in  the  West,  and  entered  the  ministry, 
in  1882.     His  present  parish  is  in  Racine. 

Jenh  Jensex,  the  noted  landscape  architect  of  Chicago,  was  the  subject  of  a 
sketch  by  Miss  Eskil  in  the  Review  not  long  ago.  He  is  a  South- Jut  lander  by 
birth  and  knows  the  people  of  Slesvig  intimately. 

Han.s  Peter  Holst  is  one  of  the  older  generation  of  Danish  poets  who  have 
written  on  the  Slesvig  tragedy. 

Karen  Larsen  is  instructor  at  Mount  Holyoke.  During  the  past  academic 
year  she  did  research  work  at  Columbia  University  on  the  part  played  by 
Danish  representatives  in  the  German  Reichstag  and  the  Prussian  Landtag. 

Karl  (iUstaf  Dernby  was  Swedish  Fellow  of  the  American-Scandinavian 
Foundation  for  the  academic  year  1917-18.  He  recently  published  an  article  in 
The  Nation  on  "The  Tragedv  of  Finland." 


THE 

American-Scandinavian 
Review 

Volume  VI  SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER  •  1918  Number  5 

Essential  Justice 

THE  time  is  drawing  near  for  the  great  international  adjust- 
ment in  which,  as  President  Wilson  said,  "every  territorial 
settlement  must  be  for  the  benefit  and  in  the  interest  of  the 
p)opulations  concerned,"  in  which  "all  well-defined  national  aspira- 
tions shall  be  met  with  the  utmost  satisfaction  consistent  with  the 
future  peace."  "Final  settlement,"  said  the  President  further, 
"must  be  based  on  essential  justice." 

No  people  have  better  reason  to  look  forward  to  that  day  with 
the  highest  hopes  and  the  fullest  confidence  than  the  Danes  in  North 
Slesvig.  They  have  suffered  under  the  Prussian  regime  for  more 
than  fifty  years — suffered  with  resignation,  without  whimpering. 
They  have  offered  all  the  resistance  possible  under  the  law  and 
without  dragging  the  mother  country  into  another  disastrous  war. 
The  Slesvig  Danes  have  stood  like  men,  faithful  to  their  language  and 
traditions,  and,  amidst  persecution  and  oppression,  they  have  re- 
mained the  most  Danish  of  the  Danes.  They  have  been  waiting 
patiently  for  the  day  when  "essential  justice"  should  again  reign 
in  the  world  and  when  such  principles  as  those  enunciated  by 
President  Wilson  should  regulate  national  aspirations.  The  words 
quoted  from  the  President's  address  to  Congress  on  February  11 
were  addressed  to  the  whole  world,  and  were  so  understood  every- 
where. They  have  awakened  fresh  hopes  among  oppressed  races 
and  not  least  in  North  Slesvig,  where  the  people  look  with  firm 
faith  and  warm  admiration  to  the  great  statesman  and  the  country 
whose  spokesman  he  is. 

That  the  mother  country  will  welcome  her  lost  children,  when 
they  are  some  day  allowed  to  return,  goes  without  saying,  but 
Denmark  recognizes  that  it  is  for  the  Danes  of  North  Slesvig  to 
declare  where  they  wish  to  belong;  nor  has  she  any  desire  to  rule 
over  unwilling  German  elements  in  the  southern  part  of  the  prov- 
ince. The  principle  of  self-determination  is  the  only  one  that  can 
lead  to  a  permanent  and  stable  solution. 


Fifty  Years  Under  German  Rule 

By    IVAK    KlHKK(iAARD 

IN  a  village  by  the  smiling  Flenshorg  Fjord,  a  little  girl  came  home 
from  school  one  day,  more  than  twentx'  years  ago,  with  red  cheeks, 
bearing  evident  marks  of  a  drubbing  just  received.  Her  father, 
a  prosperous  farmer,  questioned  her,  and  foinid  that  she  had  been 
whipped  for  refusing  to  sing  Ich  bin  ein  Preussc,  will  ein  Preusse  sein. 
Little  Marie  made  it  kein  Preusse,  and  no  amoimt  of  cudgeling  could 
move  her.  The  teacher  finally  had  to  order  the  German  children 
to  sing  so  loud  that  they  drowned  Marie's  kein.  This  little  girl  who 
could  not  be  cowed  by  a  brutal  teacher  is  typical  of  South  Jutland, 
held  in  the  iron  claws  of  Prussia,  its  Danish  people  harassed  and 
persecuted  simply  because  they  have  refused  to  break  with  their 
past  and  renounce  their  nationality. 

The  battle  is  waged  along  various  lines:  political,  national, 
religious,  and  economic.  The  jjolitical  struggle  may  be  traced  in 
the  elections,  and  in  order  to  uncierstand  the  fluctuations  of  Danism 
and  Germanism  it  is  nec*essary  to  remember  that  the  Treaty  of 
Prague,  by  which  Austria,  in  1866,  ceded  her  part  of  the  booty  to 
Prussia,  contained  the  famous  Article  5,  inserted  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Napoleon  HI,  stipulating  that  the  northern  district  of 
Slesvig  should  be  returned  to  Denmark  in  case  the  people,  by  an 
unhampered  plebiscite,  expressed  themselves  in  favor  of  it.  This 
provision  was  confirmed  by  the  Prussian  King,  William  I,  with  a 
solemn  oath  in  the  name  of  the  Triune  (rod.  It  was  never  carried 
out.  After  defeating  France,  Prussia  felt  powerful  enough  to  do  as 
she  liked,  and  simply  canceled  Article  5  by  an  agreement  with 
Austria,  in  1878. 

Such  treachery  was  unbelievable  to  the  peoj)le  of  South  Jutland. 
They  had  rested  their  faith  on  Article  5  as  on  a  rock,  believed  in  it 
as  in  the  Bible.  Taking  for  granted  that  they  would  soon  be  reunited 
with  the  mother  country,  many  of  them  had  made  use  of  the  option 
given  them  by  the  Treaty  of  Vienna,  in  1864,  to  remain  Danish 
citizens.  They  became  what  is  known  as  "optants  for  Denmark,'' 
but  therein'  they  lost  all  rights  of  citizenship  within  German  bound- 
aries, and  were  henceforth  aliens  in  the  land  of  their  birth.  Others 
emigrated,  particularly  young  men  of  military  age,  who  were  naturally 
loath  to  put  on  the  hated  Prussian  uniform.  In  this  way  South 
Jutland  lost  about  60,000  people. 

The  first  election  to  the  German  Reichstag,  in  1867,  was  looked 
upon  by  the  South-Jutlanders  as  an  expression  of  their  firm  purpose 
to  return  to  Denmark.  In  all  the  districts  above  a  line  drawn  to  the 
south  of  Flensborg  and  Tonder,  the  Danish  majorities  were  so  large 


THE    AM  ERIC  AN -SCAN  DIN  A  VI  AN    REVIEW  ^253 

that,  in  some  places,  the\'  amounted  t(j  unanimity.  In  the  years 
that  followed,  the  vote  declined  very  much,  owing  to  emigration 
and  the  disfranchisement  of  the  "optants."  and  in  1886  it  was  at  its 
lowest  ebb.  After  that  it  rose  again  steadily.  When  it  became  evident 
that  the  provisions  of  Article  5  would  never  be  carried  out,  the  re- 
sistance of  the  people  to  Prussianism  began  in  earnest.  Emigration 
ceased,  and  preparation  was  made  for  a  long  struggle.  Unfor- 
tunately, much  had  been  lost  in  the  meantime;  the  people  were 
weakened;  the  youth  of  the  country  was  gone,  and  a  new  generation 
had  to  grow  up  to  fill  the  ranks.  But  a  well-organized  campaign 
soon  had  its  effects.  A  large  Electoral  Society  was  formed,  besides 
many  smaller  local  organizations,  and  in  1912  the  number  of  Danish 
votes  had  increased  by  several  thousand. 

The  German  administration  has,  of  course,  used  every  possiV)le 
means,  even  the  most  unscrupulous,  to  stop  this  Danish  advance. 
Ever  since  the  first  election  to  the  Reichstag,  when  the  Danes  captured 
two  out  of  the  four  election  districts,  the  Germans  have  practised  a 
system  of  electioneering  geometry  (gerrymandering)  by  which  they 
have  neutralized  as  far  as  possible  the  Danish  vote.  Nor  have  they 
shunned  coarser  methods.  They  have  marked  with  i)in-pricks  the 
ballots  in  the  "secret"  elections  so  as  to  control  the  vote  of  Govern- 
ment employees,  such  as  postmen  and  railroad  workers,  who  would, 
of  course,  be  dismissed  if  they  did  not  vote  as  ordered.  One  man  who 
voted  for  the  Danish  candidate  was  denied  permission  to  rebuild  his 
chimney  or  to  engage  a  shepherd  boy  for  the  summer.  People 
receiving  sickness,  accident,  or  old-age  pensions  have  been  intimidated 
by  veiled  threats.  Thus,  in  the  election  of  1898,  all  the  men  in 
Aastrup,  in  Haderslev,  drawing  old-age  pensions  were  given  a  ballot 
marked  for  the  German  candidate  with  a  note  saying:  *'0n  account 
of  your  old-age  pension,  a  ballot  is  enclosed  which  is  to  be  used  on 
election  day." 

One  of  the  most  flagrant  instances  of  election  fraud  is  that  of  the 
district  judge,  Winther  von  Adlersfliigel,  in  Skaerbaek,  who  prepared 
for  the  election  in  1903  by  falsifying  the  tax  lists  and  the  lists  of 
voters  so  that  the  Germans  secured  a  better  representation  than  they 
were  entitled  to,  and  the  election  had  to  be  decided  by  drawing  lots. 
And  Herr  von  Adlersflugel  could  well  manage  the  drawing  of  lots — 
that  he  had  promised  his  partisans  beforehand.  He  was  surprised 
in  his  home  in  the  midst  of  a  rehearsal;  his  method  consisted  in 
making  a  little  fold  in  a  corner  of  the  "right"  ballot  before  dropping 
it  into  the  box  and  feeling  his  way  round  until  he  found  the  one  with 
the  fold.  No  wonder  that  in  more  than  twenty  elections  which  were 
decided  by  lot  and  were  presided  over  by  Adlersflugel  the  Germans 
never  failed  to  win. 

The  struggle  in  its  national  phase  has  been  fought  chiefly  over 


254  THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVTAN    REVIEW 

the  language.  Soon  after  1864,  German  was  made  the  chief  language 
in  the  schools,  and  Danish  was  gradually  forced  out,  until,  in  1888, 
it  disappeared  from  all  except  a  few  schools  in  the  northern  districts, 
where  the  children  were  still  to  be  allowed  two  hours  a  week  of 
religious  instruction  in  Danish,  provided  the  parents  demanded  it. 
These  Danish  lessons,  however,  were  put  at  the  most  inconvenient 
time,  and  the  children  who  attended  them  were  refused  dispensation 
from  summer  school— a  severe  blow  to  people  of  small  means  who 
would  often  let  their  children  take  service  as  shepherd  boys  or  goose 
girls.  While  the  state  schools  were  being  Germanized,  the  war  was 
also  carried  into  the  domain  of  the  private  schools,  and  finally  the 
Danish  schools  were  closed  altogether  "because  there  was  no  demand 
for  them" — though  they  were  overflowing  with  pupils.  Parents 
were  also  forbidden  to  engage  Danish  tutors  for  their  children. 

The  remarkable  fact  is  that  the  South -Jutlanders  write  Danish, 
if  anything,  better  than  the  average  graduate  from  the  renowned 
public  schools  of  Denmark.  Parents  and  elder  sisters  and  brothers 
teach  the  little  ones  in  their  homes  and  help  them  with  their  com- 
positions. Later  they  are  often  sent  to  one  of  the  Danish  folk  high 
schools  that  have  sprung  up  right  across  the  border  especially  for 
their  benefit. 

But  what  do  the  children  learn  in  the  state  schools.'^  They  learn 
that  they  are  Germans,  that  in  1864  they  were  "freed  from  the 
Danish  yoke,"  and  that  Germany  is  their  fatherland.  And  Danish 
children  coming  to  school  from  homes  where  nothing  but  Danish  is 
spoken  have  been  whipped  for  speaking  Danish  among  themselves 
in  recess.  In  the  school  at  Tender  the  teacher  would  begin  the  day 
with  a  German  hymn,  after  which  one  of  the  children  would  say  the 
Vaterunser,  adding  the  words:  "Slesvig  is  my  home,  Germany  my 
fatherland."  But  one  morning  a  bright  little  curly-head,  whose 
turn  it  was  to  say  the  prayer,  ended  with  the  words:  "Slesvig  is  my 
home,  Denmark  is  my  fatherland."  The  teacher  went  toward  him 
with  hand  lifted  for  a  blow,  crying,  "Verfluchter  Ddnenjunger'  but 
the  boy  stood  his  ground  so  well  that  involuntarily  the  teacher's 
hand  fell,  and  after  that  day  the  appendix  to  the  Lord's  Praj^er 
was  dropped. 

Such  schooling  does  not  produce  a  gentle  and  carefree  child- 
hood; it  develops  defiance  and  hardness,  but  it  strengthens  the  will 
and  sharpens  the  faculties.  The  children  come  to  feel  the  fight 
between  Danism  and  Germanism,  not  as  something  they  have 
merely  heard  of,  but  as  a  struggle  in  which  they  themselves  take  part 
and  which  involves  their  deepest  and  most  sacred  feelings.  They 
are  proud  of  their  post  as  guards  of  the  frontier,  and  the  sense  of 
their  own  strength  gives  them  joy  and  confidence. 

The    South-Jutlanders    receive    their   intellectual   stimulus  from 


THE     AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW  255 

Denmark.  The  Germans  have  therefore  tried  to  prevent  the  current 
of  Danish  thought  and  literature  from  crossing  the  border.  Lecturers 
from  the  kingdom  have  for  years  past  been  forbidden  in  South 
Jutland,  no  matter  on  what  subject  they  wished  to  speak.  Danish 
actors  have  shared  the  same  fate,  and  it  soon  became  evident 
that  the  prohibition  would  even  be  applied  to  their  kinsmen,  the 
Norwegians.  Fru  Dybwad  of  the  National  Theatre  in  Christiania 
was  refused  permission  to  fill  a  two  weeks'  engagement  in  the  cities 
of  South  Jutland  at  the  same  time  as  a  German  traveling  company 
was  advertising  Ibsen's  and  Bjornson's  plays  in  German.  Roald 
Amundsen  was  not  allowed  to  speak  in  Flensborg  on  his  expedition 
to  the  South  Pole,  though  the  same  lecture,  given  in  Berlin,  was 
highly  praised. 

All  this  has  only  strengthened  the  determination  of  the  Slesvigers 
to  remain,  culturally,  a  part  of  the  North.  Young  people  have 
flocked  across  the  border  to  the  folk  high  schools,  where  they  have 
been  imbued  with  Danish  democratic  ideals  and  have  learned  to  keep 
in  touch  with  the  progress  of  Danish  scientific  farming.  Gifted  men 
and  women  have  been  sent  to  Denmark  to  take  courses  in  reading 
and  music  and  have  retiu'ued  to  spread  their  knowledge  through 
popular  entertainments.  A  network  of  lecture  societies  throughout 
the  smaller  communities  has  been  organized.  But  all  such  inter- 
course with  the  mother  country  has  been  looked  upon  with  disfavor. 
The  societies  have  been  declared  *' political,"  the  meetings  broken  up, 
and  the  members  persecuted  in  various  ways.  Private  theatricals, 
singing  societies,  athletic  clubs,  agricultural  and  loan  societies — all 
have  come  under  the  ban  of  the  authorities,  who  well  know  that 
solidarity  is  the  great  armor  of  Danism.  For  a  while  athletic  clubs 
were  under  special  disfavor,  and  one  pastor  was  known  to  warn  his 
candidates  for  confirmation  against  card-playing,  drunkenness,  and 
athletics!  All  public  meetings,  whether  political  or  not,  have  to  be 
reported  in  advance  to  the  authorities  and  receive  their  sanction. 
They  are  always  attended  by  at  least  one  gendarme,  who  has  power 
instantly  to  dissolve  the  meeting;  the  slightest  word  that  jars  on  the 
sensitive  ears  of  the  Prussian  police  is  enough.  It  has  often  hap- 
pened that  they  have  forced  their  way  into  private  gatherings  in  the 
homes  of  Danish-speaking  citizens  and  fined  the  host  for  not  report- 
ing a  "public  meeting." 

The  Church,  too,  has  been  taken  into  the  service  of  Prussianism. 
The  pastors  of  the  State  Church  are  all  Germans.  Yet  this  could  be 
borne  if  they  were  really  spiritual  guides  of  their  flock.  Unfortunately^ 
most  of  them  devote  their  time  to  uprooting  the  Danish  language 
and  Danish  nationalism. 

The  South-Jutlanders  are  a  religious  people,  and  finally  their 
patience  with   the   German  clergymen  was  at  an  end.     In  many 


256  THE     AMERI('A\-S(A\DI\Ar[A\     REVIFAV 

localities  they  withdrew  from  the  State  C]uirch,wliifh  they  nevertheless 
had  to  support  by  taxes  and  dues,  and  formed  their  own  free  congrega- 
tions; they  built  churches  and  paid  pastors  exactly  as  their  American 
brothers  do.  The  first  two  Free  Churches  were  completed  in  Bovlund 
and  Haderslev  in  1896  and  1897.  When  that  at  Bovlund  was 
finished  the  (Fovernment  issued  an  injunction  against  its  being  taken 
into  use.  In  Haderslev  the  peojile  were  allowed  to  gather  for  the 
dedication,  but  when  they  had  assembled,  a  gendarme  suddenly  ap- 
peared from  })ehind  the  pulpit,  announced  that  the  meeting  was  for- 
bidden, and  ordered  the  people  to  leave  the  *'hall."  It  took  three 
and  a  half  years  of  battle  against  the  most  absurd  legal  technicalities 
before  the  people  were  allowed  to  take  into  use  the  churches  which 
they  had  built  with  their  own  money  to  satisfy  their  own  spiritual  needs. 

The  judges  as  well  as  the  clergymen  look  on  themselves  as  cham- 
pions of  Prussia  against  the  South-Jutlanders,  and  there  is  no  such 
thing  as  equality  before  the  law.  Danes  are  always  discriminated 
against.  Yet  even  the  decisions  of  these  imjust  courts  are  not  always 
respected  by  the  police :  An  aged,  highly  respected  farmer  in  Haderslev 
was  illegally  declared,  in  1902,  to  be  an  "optant,"  and  was  deported 
by  the  police.  He  returned  and  thereby  managed  to  bring  his  case 
before  the  Supreme  Court,  which  declared  him  to  be  a  citizen.  Mean- 
while his  son  had  also  been  l)anished,  and  in  his  case  the  court  ruled 
that  his  father  was  an  "optant."  On  the  strength  of  this,  contrary 
to  the  ruling  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the  father  was  again  banished, 
and  had  to  leave  the  home  where  lie  had  passed  his  whole  life. 

Incidentally,  this  episode  throws  light  on  the  means  employed 
by  high  Prussian  officials  to  get  rid  of  a  political  opponent.  The 
decision  by  which  this  venerable  gentleman  had  to  go  into  exile  was 
based  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses.  One  of  these  was  a  gen- 
darme who  afterwards  admitted  that  he  had  sworn  to  something  which 
he  "remembered  wrong,"  and  that  he  had  not  even  been  in  the 
neighborhood  at  the  time  the  events  occurred.  The  other  was  an 
old  woman  who  later  confessed  that  the  Landraf — the  highest  official 
in  the  district — had  promised  her  2,000  marks  if  she  would  give 
testimony  that  would  lead  to  the  conviction  of  the  old  gentleman. 
When  H.  P.  Hanssen,  delegate  to  the  Reichstag,  called  attention  to 
these  undeniable  facts,  he  was  sentenced  to  three  months*  imj^rison- 
jnent  for  contempt  of  court. 

Sucli  administrative  expenses  as  the  bribe  to  the  old  woman  are 
probably  covered  by  the  "black  fund"  which  the  Prussian  Chief 
President  of  South  Jutland  has  at  his  disposal,  and  for  which  he  does 
not  have  to  render  any  account.  It  might  be  a  little  unpleasant 
to  enter  in  the  official  ledger:  One  perjury — 2,000  marks. 

Gradually  the  authorities  realized  that  they  could  not  browbeat, 
threaten,  nor    cajole    the    Danish    South-Jutlanders    into  becoming 


THE     AMERIC  AX-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW  257 

German.  So  they  tried  to  drive  them  out  or  render  them  harmless 
by  depriving  them  of  their  property  and  civil  rights.  The  "optants  " 
were  completely  at  their  mercy.  These  people,  who  in  1864  had 
declared  their  intention  of  remaining  Danish  citizens,  were  in  the 
position  of  aliens,  liable  to  expulsion  from  the  German  Empire  for 
any  offense.  And  it  was  easy  to  find  an  offense.  Many  deportations 
took  place  in  the  eighties,  but  the  movement  ceased  when  Denmark's 
good  friend,  Czar  Alexander  III,  retaliated  by  expelling  a  corre- 
sponding number  of  Germans  from  Russia.  In  1898,  it  was  resumed 
again  in  a  more  brutal  form.  Many  prominent  men  were  declared 
"optants,"  though  their  option  had  never  been  executed,  and  some 
of  them  had  served  loyally  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  Wealthy 
business  men  were  favorite  victims  of  Prussian  tyranny.  Aged  men 
and  women  were  driven  across  the  border;  the  young  were  torn  from 
their  life-work;  the  sick  were  not  spared,  and  for  some  of  these  exile 
meant  death. 

America  has  been  the  gainer  by  these  deportations,  for  practically 
all  the  banished  South-Jutlanders  who  did  not  remain  in  Denmark 
have  come  here.  In  California  they  are  so  numerous  that  the 
Society  Dania,  an  American  organization  of  Danish-born  citizens 
with  a  membership  of  2,500  men,  has  several  lodges  almost  entirely 
composed  of  Slesvigers. 

Appropriations  for  buying  up  land  in  Slesvig  are  a  regular  part  of 
the  Prussian  budget.  Abnormal  prices  are  offered  for  Danish  farms, 
and  when  the  Government  succeeds  in  acquiring  a  bit  of  property 
it  is  leased  to  Germans  at  a  ridiculously  low  rate.  But  the  South- 
Jutlanders  cling  tenaciously  to  their  farms,  many  of  which  have  been 
in  one  family  for  hundreds  of  years.  They  have  protected  their 
ancient  heritage  by  forming  an  association  to  take  over  any  threat- 
ened piece  of  land  and  hold  it  until  a  Danish  owner  can  be  found. 

When  the  war  broke  out,  the  South-Jutlanders  had  a  strong- 
national  organization.  They  were  regaining  possession  of  the  soil 
and  steadily  advancing  in  political  influence.  Their  religious  and 
intellectual  life  was  flourishing.  Let  me  quote  from  a  speech  by  the 
Danish  delegate  to  the  Reichstag,  H.  P.  Hanssen,  at  the  annual 
national  meeting  in  Haderslev,  in  the  summer  of  1914,  where  ten 
thousand  people  were  assembled.     He  said: 

"Our  fathers  were  contented  in  their  thousand-year-old  union 
with  the  mother  country.  They  lived  under  happy  conditions;  our 
culture  and  our  prosperity  bear  witness  to  that.  They  enjoyed 
great  personal  liberty;  our  stiff  backs,  our  sturdy  wills,  and  our  high 
courage  are  the  heritage  of  freemen.  And  we  ourselves  will  testify 
that  our  fathers  felt  the  breaking  of  the  Danish  bonds  as  the  greatest 
calamit}^  that  could  befall  our  people.  .  .  .  The  year  that  is  just  passed 
has  been  one  of  struggle.     Police  rule  has  been  made  more  stringent. 


258  THE     AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 

Young  people's  societies  have  been  placed  under  a  ban,  athletic 
clubs  harassed,  lectures  prohibited.  The  Prussian  ideal  of  a  gendarme 
at  every  meeting  has  been  well-nigh  realized.  The  State's  attorney 
has  been  ordered  to  keep  a  close  watch  on  the  Danish  press,  and  the 
prison  doors  yawn  for  Danish  editors.  The  muzzle  has  been  strapped 
more  tightly  over  the  mouths  of  the  pastors.  .  .  .  Our  great  national 
organizations  have  sprung  to  life  under  the  onslaughts  of  the  Govern- 
ment upon  our  rights.  Von  Koller  closed  the  public  halls  to  us; 
we  have  answered  by  erecting  fifty  private  clubhouses.  Count 
Rantzau  tried  to  build  a  wall  of  German  farms  right  across  North 
Slesvig;  our  reply  is  the  North  Slesvig  Loan  Society.  Last  year  the 
attacks  on  our  ancient  freehold  farms  were  strongly  organized;  we 
met  them  with  our  Yeomen's  Society.  Thus  we  have  parried  every 
blow,  and  we  shall  do  so  in  the  future.  For  more  than  a  thousand 
years  we  have  stood  against  the  German  flood,  and  we  still  stand  firm. 
We  have  love  for  the  cause  and  strength  for  the  fight.  We  have 
energy  and  enthusiasm.     We  have  faith  in  the  future  of  our  race!" 

A  few  weeks  later  the  World  War  broke  out.  Since  then  the 
struggle  of  South  Jutland  has  been  carried  on  quietl3%  in  the  midst  of 
terrible  sorrow  and  suffering,  but  it  has  never  been  abandoned. 

They  still  "stand  firm  against  the  German  flood,"  these  frontier- 
fighters  of  ancient  fame,  these  guardsmen  of  Denmark's  Alsace-Lorraine 
— firm  in  their  fight  against  oppression,  firm  in  their  Lincoln-faith 
that  right  makes  might  and  that  government  of,  by,  and  for  the  people 
shall  not  forever  perish  from  the  earth. 

May  their  fight  win  victory,  their  faith  reward ! 


Slesvig  Before  1864 

By    K.    C.    BODHOLDT 

E1D  PALMERSTON,  we  are  told,  used  to  say  about  the 
Slesvig  question  that  it  was  so  complicated  and  obscure  that 
only  three  European  statesmen  had  grasped  it  thoroughly; 
one  of  these,  Prince  Albert,  was,  unfortunately,  dead;  another,  a 
foreign  politician,^  had  lost  his  reason,  and  the  third  person  was 
Palmerston  himself,  and  he  had  forgotten  it. 

Yet  there  is  no  question  in  the  world  which  is  simpler  than  that 
of  Slesvig.  The  history  of  Slesvig  can  be  told  in  a  few  lines :  From 
the  beginning  of  history  down  to  1864,  this  region  was  a  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Denmark.  Then  a  Prussian  statesman.  Prince  Bismarck, 
said  to  himself,  as  he  later  admitted,*  in  his  Low  German,  ''  Dat  mot 
loi  hebben." 

With  the  aid  of  Austria,  Prussia  then  attacked  Denmark,  and, 
after  half  a  year's  struggle  against  the  same  powers  that  now  have 
set  the  whole  world  in  flames,  the  little  kingdom  was  forced  to  re- 
linquish this  ancient  land.  But  the  "conquerors"  came  to  blows 
about  the  spoils,  and,  after  the  war  of  1866,  Slesvig  was  incorporated 
into  victorious  Prussia. 

This  is  the  story  in  a  nutshell. 

Thus  the  matter  stands. 

If  we  wish  to  know  more  about  it,  the  same  story  might  be  told 
a  little  more  fully  in  this  manner:  Denmark  is  the  oldest  of  the 
European  states  now  in  existence.  From  the  tribes  that,  in  the  Stone 
Age,  thousands  of  years  before  Christ,  took  possession  of  the  virgin 
soil  and  cleared  homes  for  themselves  in  its  woods  the  people  are 
descended  who  to-day  own  and  inhabit  the  land.  Here  they  were 
welded  together  into  a  nation;  here  they  formed,  in  the  course  of 
time,  a  united  kingdom.  When  this  kingdom  came  into  existence 
is  not  known  accurately.  It  had  stood  for  centuries  when  the 
expeditions  of  the  Vikings,  about  the  year  800,  awakened  the  interest 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  Prankish  chroniclers  in  this  realm.  At  that 
time,  as  a  protection  against  the  newly  formed  empire  of  Charlemagne, 
the  Danes  under  King  Godfred  built  Dannevirke,  the  southern 
rampart  of  the  kingdom.  Opus  Danorum,  the  old  wall  which  still 
stands,  though  in  the  power  of  the  enemy.  A  few  miles  south  of 
Dannevirke  flows  the  Eider  River.  Here  the  representatives  of  the 
king  and  the  emperor  met  and  determined  that  it  should  form  the 
boundary  line  between  their  realms.  The  region  on  both  sides  of 
the  Eider  was  then  clad  with  forests  and  almost  unpeopled.  Only 
here  and  there,  in  the  little  strip  of  land  between  the  river  and  the 

*  Speech  by  Bismarck  at  Friedrichsruhe,  May  26,  1895.  -~,  i      6  -,   ^ .      i  n 


2()0 


77/ /<;     A  M  E RIC A  N -SC A  M)I X  A  l' f  A  X     R /;  I  / K 


()\K     OK     TlIK     (lOM)      DkINKINC;      II(»I{\S 

ForM)    IN    Sij:s\i(i    and    Hioauinc;    iiik 
()i,i>i:sT    Known     Danish     I  ns(  kii-i'ions 

iijjlioiiJilil y  of;  llic  })0()j)lc 
ill  (lie  coimtry  as  far 
sou  III  as  Danncvirke 
and  I  lie  VmWy — in  other 
words,  of  (lie  wliole  re<iion 
which  is  now  ('jiHimI 
Sh\s\iii'.  The  original 
names  of"  j)liie(\s  are 
Danish,  llie  manner  of 
hnihhnj^'  lionses  is  Danisli. 
and  all  the  inseri|)lioiis 
that  have  heen  found  are 
also  Danish.  In  fael,  ihe 
oldest  known  ins('ri|)lion 
in  Ihe  Danish  lan^uai^'e 
was  found  in  Slesvi<;'.  1 1 
is  written  on  one  of  the 
famous  j^'old  drinkiiii; 
horns,  dating'  from  about 
.'iOO  A.I).,  which  were  found 
in  the  seventeenth  and 
eii'hteenth  centuries  near 
the  town  of  IMoi^eltiinder. 
The  runic  stones  Irom 
about  the  year  !)()(),  some 
of  which  were  found  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Dan- 
ncvirke,   also    s])eak    the 


raini)a]l,  were  Danish  dwellings. 
Where  continuous  Danish  settlement 
ended,  and  the  lay  of  the  land  was 
suitable  for  defence,  the  Dimes  built 
their  wall.  Down  through  the  ages, 
it  was  im})rove(l  and  strengthened  t)y 
the  best  rulers  of  Denmark,  such  as 
'I'yra  Dannebod  and  X'aldemar  the 
( ii'cat .  A  thousand  years  after  the  time 
of  King  (iodfred,  the  Danes  agjiin  took 
their  stand  by  the  same  wall  to  i)r()tect 
themselves  against  enemies  from  tlie 
south. 

These  are  all  incontestable  histor- 
ical facts.  The  results  of  all  research 
concerning  these  ancient  times  bear 
iii(lis|)utabl(>     witness     to     the     Danish 


|{r\ic    Ins(  itiPTioNs    Toi  Ni)    IN    Slksvh;,    Tkstikyinc; 
TO  Kauly  Danism  (K cii-ation 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAriAN     REVIEW 


^2(51 


Danish  language.  After  Dannevirke 
was  raised — just  at  what  time  is  not 
known— a  little  Friesian  tril)e  moved  in 
and  settled  in  the  uninha})ited  marshy 
region  in  the  southwestern  corner  of 
Slesvig.  These  people  lived  there, 
down  through  the  centuries,  as  faithful 
subjects  of  the  Danish  king;  but  they 
kei)t  their  own  language,  which  is 
closely  related  to  the  Dutch,  and 
retained  the  customs  of  their  ancestors 
without  being  molested  until  they 
came  under  German  ride.  For  centu- 
ries Friesian  was  the  only  non-Danish 
tongue  north  of  Dannevirke. 

Possibilities  for  the  Germanization 
of  Slesvig  began  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  when  Slesvig  was  given  as 
to    a    younger    branch    of    the    royal 


TiiH    ("oat    ok    Akms   of   Sles\k;, 

REHE.MUMNCi    THAT    OF    THE     DaMSH 

Kings 

a  fief  by  the  Danish  Crown 
house.  At  this  time  the 
separate  coat  of  arms  of  Slesvig  originated.  The  Danish  kings  have 
as  their  device  three  bhie  lions;  the  dukes  of  South  Jutland,  two. 
So  this  coat  of  arms  also  shows  to  what  country  the  region  belongs. 
Another  evidence  from  the  same  age  might  be  mentioned  in  this 
connection.  Innnedi;dely  before  granting  the  fief.  King  Valdemar 
the  Victorious  issued  "  King  Valdemar's  Jutland  Gode,"  founded  on 
the  old  common  law  and  ai)i)lying  to  the  whole  peninsula  of  Jutland, 
both  North  Jutland  and  South  Jutland,  the  original  name  for  Slesvig. 
This  code  continued  to  be  the  legal  law  of  the  land  in  Slesvig  down  to 
the  year  1900.  Not  imtil  that  year  did  the  consolidated  German 
Empire  establish  a  civil  code  which  took  the  place  of  that  old 
Danish  law. 

Under  a  succession  of  weak  kings,  the  members  of  the  ducal 
family  of  South  Jutland  were  trying  to  become  more  independent  of 
Denmark.  In  these  efforts  they  allied  themselves  with  the  neighl^or- 
ing  German  counts  of  Holstein,  an  estate  under  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire.  Like  the  Prussians,  the  people  of  Holstein  are  of  mixed 
(ierman  and  Slavonic  blood — a  warlike  and  disciplined  race.  Their 
rulers  were  politic  and  unscrupulous.  At  last  the  counts  of  Holstein 
of  the  house  of  Schauenburg  accjuired  by  force  the  control  of  Slesvig, 
recognizing,  however,  the  suzerainty  of  the  Danish  Crown.  Thus  the 
boundary  of  the  kingdom  remained  the  same.  Under  the  Schauen- 
burg rule,  the  Germanization  of  Slesvig  began.  The  forests  south  of 
Dannevirke  were  cleared  by  German  colonists,  and  the  scattered 
Danish  population  in  this  narrow  strip  of  land  was  absorbed  by  the 
German  colonization.     In  the  region  between  Dannevirke  and  Flens- 


26^2  THE     AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 

borg  Fjord,  the  nobles  of  Holstein  acquired  estates.  But  there  the 
original  inhabitants  faithfully  preserved  their  Danish  language. 

During  the  feudal  controversies  between  the  Danish  kings  and 
the  German  lords,  the  matter  was  on  one  occasion  referred  both  to 
Danish  and  to  German  tribunals.  That  the  Danish  court  gave  a 
decision  in  favor  of  the  king  may  be  natural  enough.  But  it  is  of 
considerable  interest  that  the  German  Emperor  Sigismund  (1411-37) 
pronounced  this  verdict:  "The  whole  of  South  Jutland,  in  which 
are  located  Slesvig,  Gottorp,  and  other  towns  belonging  to  this  same 
Jutland,  and  also  the  Danish  Forest,  the  Island  of  Als,  and  Friesland, 
with  all  their  prerogatives,  and  the  adjacent  lands  have  been,  are, 
and  shall  be  an  estate  of  the  Danish  king  and  realm,  with  all  the 
rights  of  usufruct  and  suzerainty ;  and  that  this  same  shall  be  and  by 
right  ought  to  be  incorporated  into  the  tenure  of  the  aforesaid  duchj^ 
and  lands  with  their  above-mentioned  appanages;  and  furthermore 
that  the  counts  have  as  holders  of  the  fief  acquired  no  claim  to  the 
duchy  and  its  appanages."  That  the  German  counts  did  not  submit 
to  this  verdict  will  astonish  no  one  who  knows  German  respect  for 
law  and  justice. 

In  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  house  of  Oldenborg 
succeeded  to  the  Danish  throne  (1448).  About  this  time  the  Schauen- 
burg  line  died  out,  and  there  was  an  opportunity  of  canceling  the 
feudal  relations  of  Slesvig.  But  the  nobles  of  Holstein,  who  had 
acquired  estates  in  Slesvig,  wished  the  connection  between  Slesvig 
and  Holstein  to  be  continued.  They  offered  to  choose  the  Danish 
king  as  their  count,  or,  as  the  title  soon  became,  their  duke,  on 
condition  that  he  would  not  seize  Slesvig  as  a  fief  reverting 
to  the  Crown.  Consenting  to  this.  King  Christian  I,  in  1460, 
became  the  duke  both  of  Slesvig  and  of  Holstein — granting  the 
first  as  a  fief  to  himself  and  receiving  the  latter  as  a  fief  of  the 
empire.  Each  duchy  was  to  retain  its  own  ancient  laws,  and  the 
two  should  constitute  a  joint  inheritance  in  the  family  of  King 
Christian.  The  king  on  this  occasion  declared  that  the  two  duchies 
should  remain  forever  united — ''up  ewich  tosa7nmende  imgedelt!'' 
Although  the  districts  have  repeatedly  been  divided  and  parceled  out, 
this  old,  long-forgotten  clause  was  resurrected,  about  four  hundred 
years  later,  and  was  destined  to  play  a  prominent  part  in  the  German 
agitation.  A  remarkable  logic  indeed!  A  declaration  which  has 
never  been  kept  and  which  was  made  when  a  German  duchy  volun- 
tarily placed  itself  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  Danish  king  was  to 
be  used,  four  hundred  years  later,  by  the  German  state  of  Prussia, 
which  did  not  at  that  time  exist,  to  justify  the  conquest  not  only  of 
the  German  duchy  but  also  of  the  old  Danish  domain  of  Slesvig. 
Not  before  the  outbreak  of  the  great  catastrophe  of  the  present  time 


THE    AMERICAN-SC  AN  DIN  AVIAN     REVIEW  263 

has  the  world  at  large  appreciated  the  true  character  of  "just  German 
claims."     Denmark  has  long  understood. 

To  the  landed  aristocracy  the  joint  rule  of  the  Danish  and  the 
German  duchies  brought  great  advantages,  but  for  the  common 
people  it  was  a  disaster.  When  the  Lutheran  Reformation  was 
introduced,  German  was,  to  the  joy  of  the  nobles,  made  the  language 
of  the  Church  in  half  of  Danish  Slesvig,  the  region  south  of  the 
Flensborg  Fjord.  Touching  letters  of  complaint  have  been  preserved 
in  which  the  parishes  beg  the  king  of  Denmark  for  pastors  whose 
language  they  can  understand.  It  was  of  no  avail.  The  German 
lords  knew  how  to  thwart  their  wishes.  In  spite  of  this,  the  people 
preserved  their  Danish  speech. 

The  Oldenborg  family  was  later  divided  into  several  branches. 
One  of  these,  the  house  of  Gottorp,  shared  with  the  royal  line  the  rule 
of  the  two  duchies.  They  were  so  divided  that  each  family  had  a 
part  of  both  duchies.  Still  the  difference  in  the  status  of  the  two 
was  maintained.  Over  the  portal  of  the  fort  at  Rensborg  on  the 
Eider  River,  which  marks  the  boundary  between  the  duchies,  King 
Christian  V  (1670-99)  placed  the  noted  stone  with  the  legend:  "Eidora 
Romani  Terminus  Imperii.''  The  stone  is  now  preserved  in  the 
arsenal  in  Copenhagen. 

The  relations  between  the  royal  house  and  that  of  Gottorp  soon 
became  very  strained.  The  latter  entered  into  treasonable  connec- 
tions with  the  enemies  of  Denmark,  and  thus  forfeited  its  rights  to 
fief  in  Slesvig.  King  Frederik  IV  (1699-1730)  confiscated  this  land 
and  reunited  it  with  the  royal  part  of  Slesvig  "as  an  appurtenance  of 
the  Crown  of  Denmark  unrighteously  torn  away  in  grievous  times." 
The  application  to  the  recovered  regions  of  the  law  of  succession  to 
the  Danish  throne  was  formally  established  in  1721.  A  year  earlier 
both  England  and  France  had,  by  the  treaties  of  July  26  and  August 
18,  guaranteed  to  Denmark  the  "permanent  possession"  of  this 
land.  Had  the  obligation  of  this  guarantee  been  remembered  at 
the  proper  time,  it  seems  as  though  the  world  might  have  been 
spared  many  calamities;  for  it  was  only  through  the  possession  of 
Slesvig  that  Prussia  became  an  important  naval  power. 

Half  a  century  later,  the  family  of  Gottorp,  which  through 
marriage  had  succeeded  to  the  Russian  throne,  resigned  its  fiefs  in 
Holstein  to  the  king  of  Denmark.  Thus  the  king  once  more  gained 
possession  of  all  Holstein,  yet  always  recognized  that  this  duchy  was 
a  part  of  the  German  Empire.  When  the  German  Confederation 
was  formed,  in  1815,  Holstein,  as  well  as  the  little  duchj'  of  Lauen- 
burg,  which  stood  in  the  same  relation  to  Denmark,  were  admitted 
as  members  of  the  Confederation. 

But  the  difference  between  the  two  duchies  was  not  maintained 
in  the  administration.     On  the  contrary,  as  has  been  mentioned,  a 


264 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW 


common  administration  was  in  the 
interests  of  the  landed  proprietors.  To 
please  them,  an  administrative  union 
between  the  two  districts  was  main- 
tained to  the  detriment  of  the  Danish 
people  of  Slesvig.  The  aristocracy  and 
bureaucracy  of  the  duchies  made  use 
of  this  union  to  carry  on  active  German - 
ization.  When  the  Danish  school  law 
of  1814  introduced  compulsory  school 
attendance,  German  became  the  lan- 
guage of  the  schools,  as  it  was  already 
the  language  of  the  Church,  south  of 
Flensborg  Fjord.  The  Danish  language 
had  successfully  defied  the  attack  of 
landlords,  officials,  and  pastors,  but  it 
wavered  before  the  onslaught  in  the 
schools;  at  last  German  won  a  partial 
victory,  and  in  the  nineteenth  century 
it  became  to  some  extent  the  spoken 
language  of  the  people.  When  the 
Danish  Government,  after  the  war  of 
1848-50,  tried  to  remedy  the  matter 
somewhat  by  a  new  language  regulation, 
a  cry  of  "righteous  wrath"  arose  from 
all  Germany.  The  strong  national  sentiment  which  developed  in 
Germany  in  the  early  part  of  last  century  spread  to  Holstein  and 
thence,  to  some  extent,  to  the  academic  youth  of  Slesvig.'  There 
developed  a  powerful  German  movement  of  the  upper  classes,  sup- 
ported by  officials,  by  the  landed  aristocracy,  and  university  circles, 
which  had  as  its  aim  the  separation  of  Slesvig  from  its  ancient  connec- 
tion with  Denmark  and  its  incorporation  into  Germany.  No  con- 
sideration was  paid  to  the  Danish  nationality  of  the  people.  The 
leadership  of  this  movement  was  taken  by  members  of  the  family  of 
Augustenborg,  a  branch  of  the  royal  family  which  had  originated  at 
the  time  of  the  Reformation.  They  dug  out  some  obsolete  rules 
about  inheritance  which  had  been  buried  for  centuries,  among  them 
that  oft-quoted  '"up  ewich  tosammende  ungedelt,''  and  on  this  basis 
demanded  recognition  as  the  heirs  of  Slesvig  and  Holstein  when  the 
male  line  of  the  royal  house  should  become  extinct,  as  seemed  immi- 
nent. An  armed  rebellion,  supported  by  Prussia  and  other  German 
states,  led  to  a  war  of  three  years,  1848-50.  With  pride  the  Danish 
army  calls  to  mind  the  battles  of  Bov,  of  the  city  of  Slesvig,  of 
Dybbol,  Fredericia,  and  Isted.  Once  more  Denmark's  possession 
of  Slesvig  was  upheld. 


Christiax  IX,  Himself   a   South-Jut- 

LANDER    BY    BiRTH,    ToOK    PaRT    IX    THE 

War  Agaixst  Germaxy  ix  1848.  axd 
Had  Become  King  of  Dexmark  Oxly 
a  Few  Moxths  Before  the  Prussiax 
Attack  of  1864.  He  Mourxed  the 
Lost  Provixces  Till  the  Day  of 
His  Death 


THE     AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 


265 


With  the  co- 
operation of  the 
European  powers, 
the  Danish  succes- 
sion was  so  arrang- 
ed that,  when  the 
ruling  male  line 
became  extinct, 
the  entire  king- 
dom, including  the 
German  duchies  of 
H  o  1  s  t  e  i  n  and 
Lauenburg,  should 
fall  to  Prince 
Christian  of  Glyks- 
borg,  a  castle  near  Flensborg.  He  was  born  at  Gottorp,  near  the 
city  of  Slesvig,  and  was  thus  a  Slesviger  by  birth.  This  arrangement 
was  ratified  by  the  treaty  of  London  of  May  8,  1852,  and  among 
the  signers  were  France  and  England,  as  well  as  Prussia  and  Austria. 

In  1863,  Prince  Christian  ascended  the  Danish  throne  as  Christian 
IX.  Under  the  leadership  of  Bismarck,  Prussia  now  found  a  pretext 
to  dispute  his  claims,  in  spite  of  her  signature  to  the  London  protocol — 
what  matters  a  scrap  of  paper  ?  With  Austria  she  attacked  Denmark, 
and  on  the  first  of  February,  1864,  the  allied  powers  crossed  the 
Eider.  The  Danish  army  stood  at  Dannevirke,  but  had  to  retire 
before  the  superior  force.  At  Sankelmark  the  German  pursuit  was 
delayed  so  long  that  the  Danish  armv  reached  the  weak  fortifications 


The  Ancient  Rampart  Dwnevikke,  \o\v  in  German  Hands 


The  Battle  of  Sankelmark 


266 


THE    AMEBIC  AN-SC  AN  DIX  AVI  AX    REVIEW 


The   Mill  ox   Dybbol  Hill  Where  the   Danes   Made 
Their  Desperate  Stand  Against  the  Invaders  in  1864 


at  Dybbol.  Here  they 
withstood  a  siege  of  ten 
weeks,  and  when  the  ram- 
parts had  been  shattered 
by  the  superior  German 
artillery,  Dybbol  was 
stormed  on  April  18. 
Inch  by  inch,  the  Danish 
army  retreated,  fighting 
continually,  and  crossed 
to  the  island  of  Als.  A 
naval  encounter  near 
Helgoland,  though  favor- 
able to  the  Danes,  had 
no  material  results.  Be- 
cause of  Prussia  s  greed, 
a  conference  at  London 
which  discussed  the  pos- 
sible partition  of  Slesvig 
led  to  nothing.  Finally 
Christian  IX  had  to  cede 
not  only  the  two  German 
duchies,  but  also  the  old 
a   few   vears   earlier   had 


Crown   land   of   Slesvig   to   enemies   who 
recognized  him  as  the  rightful  heir  to  them  all. 

This  war  was  followed  by  a  singular  after-play.  Austria  was  at 
least  so  honest  that  she  wished  the  captured  lands  to  be  turned  over 
to  the  house  of  Augustenborg,  whose  injured  rights  "had  raised  loud 
protests  in  Germany."  But  Bismarck  declared  cynically  that  "the 
chickens  you  have  hatched  yourself,  their  necks  you  can  also  wring." 
On  September  l'^,  1865,  he  had  the  royal  jurists  make  the  ruling  that 
the  house  of  Augustenborg  had  no  claim  whatever  to  the  duchies. 
The  only  rightful  owner  had  been  Christian  IX,  and  Bismarck  con- 
cluded that,  as  Christian  IX  had  been  the  rightful  owner,  the  owner- 
ship had  now  legally  passed  to  those  to  whom  he  had  ceded  it. 

Ay,  so  "complicated  and  obscure"  is  the  question  of  Slesvig! 
The  world  has  scarcely  been  willing  to  believe  it.  Only  the  past  four 
years  have  opened  the  eyes  of  all  to  the  bottomless  depth  of  Prussian 
intrigue. 

Some  words  of  Thiers,  however,  deserve  to  be  called  to  mind, 
which  he  uttered  May  3,  1866,  in  the  French  Parliament,  while  speak- 
ing about  the  ruling  of  the  Prussian  crown  jurists  on  the  Slesvig 
question : 

You  see  what  has  been  decided:  "The  Duke  of  Augustenborg  has  no 
claims.     King  Christian  has  the  only  right  to  the  duchies;  he  alone  can  cede 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 


^267 


them.  And  now  since,  as  a  result  of 
the  war  which  we  have  waged,  he  has 
by  treaty  resigned  his  claims  to  us,  we 
are  in  turn  the  only  owners,  having 
become  so  by  the  wish  and  the  act 
of  the  legitimate  owners."  (Exclama- 
tions and  prolonged  stir.) 

Emilie  Olivier:  It  is  abominable! 

Thiers :  Yes,  indeed,  gentlemen,  in 
a  matter  so  grave,  I  may  not  seem 
serious  in  making  the  report  ("Yes, 
Yes!"),  but  it  is  the  very  truth  that  I 
relate  to  you.  ("Yes,  yes,  it  is  only 
too  true!")  Yes,  gentlemen,  this 
burlesque  spectacle,  pardon  the  word, 
is  the  very  truth.  (General  expressions 
of  approval  and  assent.) 

Emilie  Olivier:  It  is  as  loathsome 
as  it  is  burlesque. 

Thiers:  Yes,  indeed!  The  duchies 
rightfully  belong  to  the  king  of  Den- 
mark.    Nevertheless  you  do  not  give 

them  to  him,  but  you  claim  that  they  have  become  your  property.  By  what 
right  .'^  By  the  right  of  an  unjust  war  which  you  have  waged  on  the  legitimate 
owner.     (Renewed  expressions  of  assent.) 

Gentlemen,  read  well  this  story!  Has  anything  like  it  ever  happened?  We 
were  shocked  at  the  partition  of  Poland;  but  where  was  ever  the  loathsome  and 
the  burlesque  mingled  and  combined  to  such  an  extent  as  here.?  ("It's  true, 
it's  true!" — Bravos  and  applause.) 

We  know  how  Bismarck  carried  his  war  through,  and  how  Austria 
succumbed  in  1866.  The  booty  remained  in  the  hands  of  Germany, 
and  the  whole  of  Danish  Slesvig  was  incorporated  into  Prussia. 
There  foUowed  half  a  century  of  oppression  and  proud  resistance 
to  tyranny,  and  then  came  the  past  four  years  of  horror. 

But  the  last  chapter  of  history  has  not  been  written — nor  the  last 
word  on  Slesvig. 


The  Prussian  Eagle  Triumphing  Over 
Denmark's  Broken  Guard 


Are  the  Slesvigers  Danes  or  Germans? 

By  Jens   Jensen 

THERE  is  not  a  doubt  as  to  which  of  the  two  adjoining  peoples 
the  Slesvigers  belong  to  racially.  The  original  inhabitants  of 
South  Jutland  were  Danes,  and  although  there  has  been  some 
German  migration  into  the  southern  section,  this  has  had  no 
material  influence  on  the  race  as  a  whole. 

In    their    usages    and    mode    of    thought,   the    Slesvigers — even 

those  who  speak  the  German 

--m^^mm.  language — are  true  Danes. 

^3*^^  ^P^^P^Jr^  They   are   plain  folk  and 

MV"^  r #  ''*"*^      democratic  in  the  best  sense 

"  *^'  "of  the  word;  they  look  with 

disfavor  on  class  distinction 
and  feel  on  a  par  with  any- 
one. They  respect  a  man 
for  what  he  has  done,  not 
for  his  fortune  or  his  birth, 
and  snobbishness,  which 
among  the  Germans  has 
developed  into  an  elaborate 
system,  is  foreign  to  them. 
The  South-Jutlander  thinks 
for  himself,  forms  his  own 
opinions,  and  clings  to  them. 
In  a  sense,  he  is  superior 
l)oth  to  Dane  and  German. 
The  latter,  uncritical  and 
unreasoning,  thinks  what  he 
is  ordered  to  think,  as  he 
does  what  he  is  commanded 
to  do.  The  Dane,  going  to 
the  other  extreme,  is  in- 
clined to  answer  every  warn- 
ing with  an  indulgent  shrug. 
But  the  Slesvigers  have 
Veterans  of  1864  learned  that  uotliiug,  how- 

ever unreasonable  or  dis- 
tressing, is  impossible,  and  therefore  they  scorn  no  warnings,  but 
obey  orders.  Yet  they  yield  no  unthinking  submission.  They  follow 
most  Vvillingly  their  own  chosen  leaders.  And  these  leaders,  regard- 
less of  birth  or  station,  are  elected  on  account  of  fitness  only;  for  a 
noble  name,  which  gives  power  and  prestige  in  Germany,  is  of  no 


THE    AMERICAN-SCAXDINAVIAX     REVIEW 


269 


avail  in  South 
Jutland,  unless  it 
is  brought  forward 
through  the  ability 
of  its  owner. 

The  character 
of  the  South- 
Jutlanders  is  em- 
phatically Danish. 
As  their  appear- 
ance is  Northern, 
so  is  their  manner. 
Gentle  and  placid, 
yet  tenacious  and 
energetic,  they  are 
typical  of  all  that 
is  best  in  the  Danes . 
Constant  struggle 
has  brought  out 
their  finest  quali- 
ties, has  pruned 
away  their  selfish- 
ness, and  develop- 
ed a  strong  group 
consciousness. 
They  are  simple 
and  unpretentious 
in  their  speech, 
free  from  all 
German  slush  and 
bombast.  But 
back  of  their  plain 
speech  stands  a 
firm  will ;  behind 
their  quiet  manner 
is  a  strong  faith  in 
themselves  and  one 

another  and  a  spirit  of  mutual  helpfulness  which  has  done  much  to 
weld  the  people  together. 

Language,  while  it  is  not  the  only  decisive  factor,  is  generally 
an  important  element  in  nationality.  In  the  greater  part  of  Slesvig, 
the  original  Danish  is  still  the  only  language.  Into  the  little  strip 
between  the  Eider  River  and  Dannevirke,  Germans  migrated  in 
early  medieval  times  and  cleared  the  primeval  forests.  Even  north 
of  this,  Low  German  is  the  preponderant  language  on  the  east  shore 


ES  DANISH-SPEAKING    PEOPLE 
^  FRIESIAN-SPEAKING    PEOPLE 


C23  GERMAN   MIGRATION   IN   THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY 
^  GERMANS 


Linguistic  Chart  of  Slesvig 


270 


THE    AMERICAN -SCAN  DIN  AVIAN    REVIEW 


as  far  up  as  to  the  Flensborg  Fjord,  while  in  the  middle  of  the  country 
Danish  extends  far  down  toward  the  Dannevirke  line.  In  the  west 
German  came  into  conflict  with  the  Friesian  language,  which  had  for 
centuries  held  its  own  on  the  coast  of  Holstein  and  Slesvig. 

Where  there  are  Slesvigers  who  speak  German,  it  is  noteworthy 
that  the  change  in  speech  occurred  early  in  the  nineteenth  century, 
before  the  value  of  language  as  an  element  in  nationality  was  realized. 
Since  1864  the  language  frontier  has  not  changed,  but  Danish  has 
held  its  own  in  spite  of  violent  onslaughts  of  German  backed  by  a 
powerful  and  unscrupulous  government.  And  the  Danish  that  is 
spoken  in  Slesvig  is  purer  and  freer  from  foreign  admixture  than  the 

language  of  any  other 
Danish  section.  The 
German,  on  the  other 
hand,  especially  near  the 
frontier,  is  largely  not 
German  at  all,  but  simply 
Danish  transposed.  The 
structure  of  sentences  and 
the  order  of  words,  the 
vocabulary  and  inflections 
are  so  pronouncedly 
Danish    that  when    the 

hjemmetyskere      (pro- 

li||)||{|j(|||ijjij|||j||||||j||j  iSHHSSSmiS  Germans  born  in  Slesvig) 

p?'-is^'i«®n5MsiKli^^    iMBSPCijiiiiiiiilili  liawillllgl    speak  what  they  imagine 

to  be  German,  the  result 
is  often  ludicrous. 

In  short,  the  greater 
part  of  Slesvig  is  Danish  in  language;  a  smaller  section  at  the  south 
speaks  German,  and  in  a  little  region  between  these  two  both 
languages  are  used. 

But  there  are  other  factors  of  a  national  civilization  which  are 
of  nearly  as  great  importance  as  the  language.  Where  do  the  South- 
Jutlanders  get  their  knowledge,  their  books  and  songs,  their  arts 
and  customs.'^  Go  into  the  humble  cottage  or  the  prosperous  farm- 
house. Everywhere  you  will  find  Danish  books  on  the  shelves:  the 
history  of  Danish  literature,  Danish  reference  books,  and  the  great 
Danish  and  Norwegian  poets.  Danish  agricultural  papers  lie  on  the 
table,  and  on  the  walls  hang  good  reproductions  of  Danish  paintings, 
far  different  from  the  German  chromos  seen  farther  south.  The 
babies  are  rocked  to  sleep  to  old  Danish  lullabies,  the  larger  children 
play  the  Northern  games  with  their  old  rigmaroles,  and  later,  as 
young  men  and  women,  they  sing  the  same  songs  that  echo  through- 
out Denmark.     In  the  Free  Churches,  the  Danish  hymns  are  sung 


The 


"Free  Church"  at  Haderslev,  Closed  for  Three 
Years  by  Prussian  Orders 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW 


271 


The  Gjexxer  Fjord,  a  Typical  East  SLES^^G  Landscape 


as  earnestly  and  devoutly 
as  anywhere  in  Denmark, 
and  the  youth  of  South 
Jutland  seeks  an  educa- 
tion  in   Danish    schools. 

If  we  examine  the 
general  status  of  the  agri- 
cultural class,  which 
constitutes  by  far  the 
greater  part  of  the  popula- 
tion of  South  Jutland,  we 
find  that  it  bears  all  the 
Danish  hall-marks.  The 
rural  population  consists 

principally  of  well-to-do  independent  farmers  owning  moderately 
large  farms  tilled  by  the  family  with  the  aid  of  hired  hands. 
Only  here  and  there  is  an  estate  with  dependent  tenants,  and  the 
crofters  are  also  few.  As  in  Denmark,  the  farmers  are  the  mainstay 
of  the  people,  while  in  Germany,  especially  in  North  Germany,  the 
aristocracy  owns  the  soil,  and  the  peasant  counts  for  naught.  Only 
in  a  tiny  isolated  section  of  southern  Slesvig  have  German  conditions 
been  established,  and  this  region  stands  out  in  sharp  contrast  to 
the  remaining  Danish  Slesvig. 

If  we  finally  examine  the  practical  economic  position  of  Slesvig, 
we  cannot  deny  that  Germany's  artificial  protection  of  agriculture 
has  also,  to  some  extent,  benefited  the  South-Jutlanders.     Yet  the 
high  tariff  and  many  taxes  and  tolls  have  made  living  in  the  German 
Empire  so  expensive  that  the  farmers  would  be  as  well  off  under 
Denmark.      Besides    the    agriculture    of     Slesvig,    especially    the 
export    of    butter 
and  bacon,  would 
have  the  same  op- 
portunities in  the 
large    markets    of 
Europe    as    the 
Danish  has,  while 
under  the  Empire 
Slesvig   is    put   in 
the  peculiar  posi- 
tion  of    a   foreign 
country  exporting 
to  Germany.  Thus 
Slesvig    is    closely 

bound  to  Denmark  ^  ^^^^^  Slesvtg  Farm  of  the  Tvpe  that  Has  Descended  in  Danish 
economically      and  Families  for  Hundreds  of  Years 


272 


THE    AM  ERIC  AN -SCAN  DIN  AVI  AN     REVIEW 


lias  no  interest  in  common  with  Germany.  The  same  is  true  of 
agricultural  methods.  The  dairying  is  Danish;  the  powerful  coopera- 
tive movement,  which  has  taken  as  firm  a  hold  in  Slesvig  as  in  the 
kingdom,  is  also  Danish.  So  is  the  division  between  grain-producing 
and  cattle-raising,  and  even  the  types  of  farms  and  of  wagons  and 
tools  are  Danish. 

The  whole  vigorous  life  that  has  unfolded  in  rich  and  beautiful 
South  Jutland  is  as  Danish  as  the  land  itself,  with  its  fields  and 
hedges,  with  its  wooded  fjords  at  the  east,  the  wide  heaths  of  the 
midland,  and  the  broad  fertile  meadows  toward  the  west. 


Two  Monuments 


On  the  Skamlixgsbanke,  Across  the  Danish  Border. 
A  Tall,  Slender  Monument  Lifts  a  Defiant  Finger 
Toward  Those  AVho  Think  They  Can  Root  Out  the 
Memories  of  a  Nation.  It  Was  First  Raised  to 
Commemorate  the  Great  Patriotic  Meetings  Held 
ON  THE  Site.  In  1864,  the  Prussians  Blew  It  up  and 
Sold  the  Pieces  for  Crushed  Stone,  but  the  Farmers 
IN  the  Neighborhood  Bought  Them  Back  and  Re- 
built THE  Monument.  At  Its  Foot,  a  Huge  Danne- 
BROG  Waves  a  Message  Across  the  Border  to  Those 
Who  Are  Forbidden  to  Show  the  Danish  Red  and 
White. 


The  Lion  of  Isted  Has  Gone  to 
Grace  the  Military  Academy  at 
Berlin.  The  Picture  Shows  It 
When  It  Was  in  Its  Place  in 
Flensborg  Churchyard,  Where 
the  Danes  Had  Raised  It  in 
Honor  of  Their  Countrymen  Who 
Fell  in  1848.  It  Was  Carried 
away'  by  the  germans  in  1864. 
How  Different  the  Spirit  of  the 
French,  Who  Left  the  Lion  at 
Waterloo  in  Its  Place,  Only 
Filing  off  the  Sharp  Cl.\ws  in 
the  Paw  that  Was  Lifted  Against 
France ! 


Memory  Song 

Original  Danish  by  Hans  Peter  Holst 
English  verse  by  Jane  Campbell 

Sweetly  sleep  in  Slesvig's  ground! 
Though  dear  bought,  naught  does  it  matter; 

Summer  fair  its  sweetest  flowers 
O'er  your  grave  will  freely  scatter. 

As  a  bird  will  memory  fly. 
On  to  Slesvig  its  flight  winging; 

From  the  lonely  hiding-place 
Of  the  grave  we  hear  its  singing. 

Lonely,  for  no  friendly  eye 
Your  last  dying  glance  was  meeting; 

No  friend  heard  your  last-draivn  sigh 
Nor  clasped  hand  in  loving  greeting! 

But  for  Denmark  was  that  sigh. 
For  the  victory  coming  surely; 

Rest  then  sweetly  on  earth's  lap. 
In  the  grave's  shade  rest  securely! 

Oft  will  memory  fly  afar 

Where,  dear  ones,  you  now  are  lying. 
Who  with  ardor  fought  and  fell. 

For  old  Denmark's  honor  dying. 
But  your  death  has  brought  reward; 

Slesvig's  land  can  be  lost  never. 
Blood  binds  blood,  and  with  your  blood 

It  is  bound  to  2is  forever! 

Fairer  death  could  not  be  found 

Than  yours  for  old  Denmark  falling; 

So  no  tearful  glances  we 

Cast  ivhen  on  your  memory  calling. 

But  where'er  beat  Danish  hearts. 

Where'er  Danish  blades  are  ringing. 

They  with  pride  to  great  and  small 
^     Thanks  of  motherland  are  bringing. 


n 


Danes  in  the  German  Reichstag 

By   Karen   Larsen 

LIKE  a  red  thread,  more  or  less  distinct  but  unbroken,  the 
J  opposition  of  a  small  group  of  Danes  may  be  traced  through 
the  motley  fabric  of  German  parliamentary  debates.  Though 
always  the  smallest  of  the  opposition  factions— two  men  in  the  Prus- 
sian House  and  generally  only  one  in  the  Imperial  Reichstag — they 
have  shown  a  dauntless  courage  and  a  clearness  of  purpose  which  no 
other  group  can  equal.  They  have  consistently  maintained  an 
attitude  of  apartness  as  representatives  of  a  separate  nationality 
im justly  forced  under  Prussian  rule. 

The  Danish  opposition  was  formulated  by  Hans  Kriiger,  a  sturdy 
Jutland  farmer,  who  had  been  the  mainstay  of  Danism  in  Slesvig 
since  the  forties  and  was  one  of  the  two  Danes  sent  to  the  Reichstag 
in  1867.  "He  who  votes  for  Kriiger  votes  for  Denmark,"  was  the 
saying  among  his  countrymen.  For  twelve  long  years  he  pleaded 
with  hopeful  tenacity  for  the  plebiscite  promised  by  the  treaty  of 
1866.  The  sanctity  of  treaties  and  the  rights  of  small  nationalities 
were  his  constant  refrain,  and  he  good-naturedly  admitted  the  truth 
of  the  accusation  that  the  same  speech  would  fit  any  occasion  on 
which  he  demanded  the  floor.  This  solitary  champion  met  with  an 
almost    unbelievable    lack    of    sympathy;    sometimes    his    German 

colleagues  treated  him  with  positive 
boorishness,for  no  plea  that  involved 
even  the  slightest  dismemberment 
of  the  "Fatherland"  could  find  a 
response  from  the  strong  young  na- 
tion flushed  with  victory.  But  at 
home  Kriiger's  strong  stand  helped 
to  unite  his  countrymen  and  harden 
their  purpose. 

The  spirit  of  Kriiger  has  never 
died.  Though  all  his  successors  have 
denied  any  agitation  for  forcible 
separation  from  Germany,  they 
have  freely  expressed  the  longing  of 
their  people  for  deliverance  from  the 
rule  of  foreigners.  Their  efforts  have 
been  devoted  mainly  to  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Danish  language  and 
civilization  in  South  Jutland.  They 
have  claimed  for  their  countrymen 
Hans  Kruger  the  civic  right  of   equality  before 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW 


275 


the  law  and  the  moral  right  of  recognition  as  a  group  possessing 
national  consciousness.  Since  the  great  battle  for  Danism  was 
opened,  in  1882,  with  Hans  Lassen's  epoch-making  speech  on  the 
language  question,  scarcely  a  year  has  passed  without  some 
notable  protest  by  the  spokesmen  of  the  Danes.  Nearly  every  debate 
on  the  budget  has  called  forth  complaints  of  some  form  of  oppression 
practised  in  North  Slesvig. 

While  the  pleas  of  the  Danish  representatives  in  the  Prussian 
House  have  been  as  earnest  and  as  eloquent  as  those  in  the  Reichstag, 
the  latter  have  naturally  been  more  in  the  public  eye  and  have  besides 
been  emphasized  by  the  sympathy  of  the  larger  opposition  factions 
in  the  imperial  parliament.  Every  successive  Dane  in  the  Reichstag, 
however  different  from  the  others  in  character  and  methods,  has 
continued  the  war  for  Danism  in  the  same  spirit.  J.  P.  Junggren, 
whose  sincerity  and  moderation  won  the  respect  even  of  his  opponents; 
Gustav  Johanssen,  the  popular  editor  of  Flensborg  Avis,  a  man  of 
ready  wit,  broad  and  jovial,  a  born  orator,  whose  interpellation  about 
the  "optants,"  in  1899,  started  the  most  notable  debate  on  the 
Danish  question;  Jens  Jessen,  who  continued  Johanssen's  work  on 
Flensborg  Avis,  a  man  of  liberal  culture  and  a  polished  pen,  a 
fearless  editor  whose  truth-telling  has  cost  him  forty -five  months  in 
Prussian  prisons;  and  finally,  since  1906,  H.  P.  Hanssen  (Norremolle) , 
the  beloved  "Hans  Peter"  of  the  South-Jutlanders,  the  moving 
spirit  in  many  of  the  varied  organizations  that  characterize  the  life 


Jens  Jessen 


H.  P.  Hanssen  (Norremolle) 


276  THE    AMERICAN -SCAN  DIN  AVIAN     REVIEW 

of  North  Slesvig,  who  to-daj'  is  championing  the  cause  of  his  people 
with  unsurpassed  courage  and  eloquence — all  these  men  have,  in 
some  form  or  other,  kept  up  an  open  fight  against  oppression  in  the 
very  home  of  the  oppressor. 

As  a  rule,  purely  German  legislation  has  not  interested  them 
unless  it  has  had  some  bearing  on  the  welfare  of  North  Slesvig.  Yet 
they  have  strayed  from  this  position  of  apartness  long  enough  to 
enter  repeated  protests  against  all  forms  of  Prussianism.  They  have 
opposed  the  anti-Catholic  laws,  the  anti-Socialist  laws,  and  above 
all  the  repressive  measures  against  the  other  dissident  nationalities, 
the  Poles  and  Alsatians.  From  the  time  of  Kriiger  till  the  present 
War,  when  Hanssen  has  refused  to  vote  for  the  budget,  they  have 
been  consistent  protestants  against  the  growing  spirit  of  militarism 
in  the  empire.  They  have  tried  to  show  that  the  dangers  which 
made  increased  armaments  necessary  were  caused  by  Germany's 
expansion  bej'ond  her  natural  ethnic  boundaries  through  the  con- 
quest of  Slesvig  and  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  have  pointed  out  that  the 
Germans  rouse  enmity  by  disregarding  in  others  the  national  senti- 
ments which  they  exalt  in  themselves. 

They  have  never  recognized  the  abolition  of  the  paragraph  giving 
them  the  right  to  self-determination.  With  prophetic  vision,  Lassen 
expressed  the  conviction  that  "toward  the  close  of  the  nineteenth 
century  people  and  countries  will  no  longer  be  treated  as  common 
merchandise."  Johansson  reiterated  in  the  most  unequivocal  terms 
their  stand  on  the  Treaty  of  Prague  and  on  their  political  status  as 
defined  therein.  Nor  have  they  been  silent  during  the  present  war. 
Last  spring  Hanssen  spoke  in  the  Reichstag  in  favor  of  self-determina- 
tion for  Aland,  and  only  a  few  weeks  earlier  Skrumsager  closed  a  speech 
in  the  Prussian  House  with  these  words:  "We  have  always  been 
adherents  of  the  doctrine  of  self-determination,  and  we  hope  that  now 
when  this  right  is  being  recognized  by  the  German  Empire  [at  Brest- 
Li  tovsk]  we  too  shall  have  our  most  ardent  wish  fulfilled." 

How  much  this  untiring  opposition  has  accomplished  it  is  im-' 
possible  to  estimate.  No  one  who  has  noticed  how  even  the  strongest 
liberal  factions  have  broken  their  strength  in  vain  against  the 
intrenched  government  of  Germany  can  wonder  that  this  mere  hand- 
ful of  Danes  should  not  have  accomplished  any  great  tangible  results. 
Yet  their  work  has  certainly  not  been  in  vain;  it  has  served  to  rouse 
the  national  pride  of  their  countrymen  and  to  keep  the  cause  of 
Slesvig  before  the  world. 


The  Scandinavian  "Bolsheviki" 

By  Karl  Gustav  Dernby 

THE  Russian  revolution  resembles  in  many  respects  the  French. 
The  forces  that  caused  the  latter  were  first  considered  shockingly 
radical,  but  when  they  were  confronted  with  the  great  task  of 
governing  the  country,  they  were  modified,  and,  in  their  turn,  ousted 
by  still  more  radical  elements,  and  so  the  movement  went  more  and 
more  to  the  left,  until  it  ended  in  general  anarchy.  The  great 
French  revolution  had  a  tremendous  influence  on  all  social  movements 
in  Europe.  The  question  is:  Will  the  Russian  revolution  exert  a 
similar  influence  in  these  days.^ 

Revolutions  are  like  contagious  diseases:  they  spread  rapidly. 
The  countries  first  to  be  infected  by  the  Russian  and  Finnish  revolu- 
tionary germs  are  those  of  Scandinavia,  and  dispatches  therefrom 
have  lately  been  printed  with  headlines  such  as  "The  Norwegian 
Bolsheviki,"  "Revolution  Feared  in  Sweden,"  or  "Serious  Riots  in 
Copenhagen."  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  bourgeois 
papers  are  always  a  little  prone  to  exaggerate  social  movements  or, 
as  we  say  in  Sweden,  to  "paint  the  devil  on  the  wall."  It  should 
also  be  borne  in  mind  that,  under  normal  conditions,  there  are  not 
at  all  the  same  premises  for  revolution  in  the  comparatively  demo- 
cratic and  wealthy  Scandinavian  countries  as  there  were  in  Russia. 

Let  us  first  inquire  what  are  the  new  truths  that  Bolshevism 
offers.  It  has  not  yet  produced  any  great  prophet  who  has  given  its 
doctrine  classic  form,  though  we  may  find  hints  of  it  in  all  the 
proclamations  and  newspaper  articles  emanating  from  Lenine  and 
Trotzky.  In  part,  it  seems  there  is  nothing  either  new  or  original 
in  the  ideas  of  the  Bolsheviki.  The  main  points  seem  to  be  the  same 
as  the  original  "catastrophe  theory"  of  Marx,  according  to  which 
the  chief  issue  in  modern  society  is  an  implacable  strife  between  the 
"consuming"  classes,  the  "oppressors,"  who  constitute  a  minority, 
and  the  "producers,"  the  "oppressed,"  who  constitute  the  great 
masses.  Marx  thought  a  peaceful  settlement  of  this  problem  im- 
possible, and  took  for  granted  that  it  must  of  necessity  bring  on  a 
catastrophe,  a  revolution,  which  would  transfer  all  power  to  the 
masses  and  their  chosen  organs.  He  afterwards  modified  this  idea, 
and  his  pupils,  Engel  and  Rebel ,  were  the  fathers  of  the  so-called 
"reformistic"  theory,  which  holds  that  the  same  goal  can  be  reached 
by  lawful,  that  is  parliamentary,  means. 

Other  points  in  the  Bolshevist  programme  are:  complete  inter- 
nationalism, the  breaking  down  of  all  national  barriers,  to  be  followed 
by  total  disarmament :  abolishment  of  private  property  and  the  equal 
distribution  of  land  among  all;  the  closing  of  all  industries  not  essen- 


278  THE     AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 

tial  to  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  man ;  the  abohtion  of  bureaucracy 
by  lodging  all  power,  judicial  as  well  as  executive,  in  the  workmen's 
councils  chosen  by  the  masses.  There  seem  to  be  certain  similarities 
here  to  the  programme  launched  by  the  Industrial  AYorkers  of  the 
World  in  this  country. 

When  socialists  first  made  their  appearance  in  Scandinavia, 
people  regarded  them  as  dangerous  anarchists,  and  predicted  that 
they  would  wreck  the  country.  Times  changed,  however.  Labor 
unions  increased  in  power  year  by  year,  and  in  Scandinavia  the  labor 
unions,  unlike  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  are  closely  affiliated 
with  the  Socialist  party,  which  is  now  a  most  important  political 
factor  in  all  three  countries.  In  Sweden  it  will  perhaps  not  be  long 
before  the  Socialists  will  have  a  majority  in  the  Riksdag,  and  nowa- 
days it  is  regarded  as  quite  respectable  for  even  an  educated  man  to 
be  a  member  of  the  party. 

The  Scandinavian  socialists  adopted  the  "  ref ormistic  "  tendency 
that  had  the  upper  hand  in  Germany,  while  the  syndicalist  movement 
originating  in  France  did  not  at  first  find  a  fertile  soil  among  them. 
In  Sweden,  the  Socialist  party  has  been  built  up  almost  entirely  by 
the  will  of  one  strong  man,  the  world-famous  Hjalmar  Branting,  and 
his  personality  has  set  its  stamp  upon  the  organization.  He  has 
always  denounced  sabotage  and  all  illegal  methods,  urging  upon  his 
followers  the  use  of  parliamentary  measures  only. 

It  is  always  more  convenient  to  be  in  opposition  than  to  carry 
responsibility.  So  long  as  they  were  a  powerless  minorit\',  the 
socialists  could  launch  "maximum"  programmes,  including  inter- 
nationalism, total  disarmament,  the  taking  over  of  capital  and  all 
means  of  production  by  the  State,  the  establishment  of  a  republic, 
and  so  on.  When  they  came  into  power,  however,  they  found  it 
impossible  to  realize  all  these  demands  at  once,  and  the  Swedish 
Socialist  party  has  now  adopted  a  modified  policy  differing  only  on 
some  economic  questions  from  that  of  the  Liberals. 

But  this  disappointed  many  people,  who  regarded  the  "parlia- 
mentary" or  "salon  socialists"  as  traitors  to  their  holy  ideals.  In 
the  early  part  of  the  century,  a  rather  anarchistic  movement  was 
started  by  Hinke  Bergegren.  It  was  marked  by  many  acts  of 
sabotage  and  is  remembered  for  the  famous  "Amalthea"  case  in 
1908,  when  a  steamer  harboring  imported  English  strike-breakers 
was  blown  up  in  the  harbor  of  Malmo.  As  early  as  1903,  however, 
Branting's  strong  hand  excommunicated  Bergegren  and  his  Young 
Socialists  or  ung-hinkar,  and  now  this  movement  is  practically  dead. 

Yet  there  are  still  within  the  party  plenty  of  opponents  against 
Branting  personally  and  against  his  policy.  The  most  prominent 
of  these  is  the  distinguished  jurist,  mayor  of  Stockholm,  Carl 
Lindhagen,  an  idealist  and  a  noble  political  personality,  whose  only 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW  279 

fault  is  that  his  ideahsm  sometimes  drives  him  too  far  away  in  the 
blue.  Other  opposition  leaders  are:  Z.  Hoglund,  an  editor  who  has 
served  two  prison  terms  for  treason;  Ture  Nerman,  the  poet,  and 
Fabian  Mansson,  an  agitator  who  would  match  Billy  Sunday. 

The  split  in  the  party  came  on  the  issue  of  military  preparedness. 
Face  to  face  with  the  grim  outlook  in  1914,  the  majority  Socialists 
voted  for  an  increased  army  and  navy.  The  extremists  accused 
them  of  abandoning  the  cardinal  principles  of  socialism  and  launched 
bitter  attacks  upon  such  men  as  Palmstjerna,  now  secretary  of  the 
navy,  Ryden,  now  secretary  of  education,  and  many  others.  Finally, 
in  1916,  Branting  took  the  drastic  step  of  excommunicating  all  his 
opponents,  whereupon  they  formed  the  Left  Socialist  party  and 
started  their  own  paper,  Politiken,  famous  in  these  days  for  its 
revelation  of  the  Lichnowsky  documents. 

In  the  general  elections  of  1917,  the  new  party  was  not  successful. 
Out  of  the  230  seats  in  the  second  chamber,  it  secured  only  12,  while 
the  majority  Socialists  had  86.  The  powerful  labor  unions,  as  a  rule, 
vote  wath  the  majority,  but  some  of  the  longshoremen  and  a  number 
of  the  lumberjacks  and  miners  in  Norrland — many  of  whom  are 
Finns — support  the  new  party.  They  have  also  a  stronghold  in 
Ungdomskhibbarna,  which  are  not  regular  labor  unions,  but  discussion 
clubs  with  a  membership  of  youths  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  years 
of  age.  The  Left  Socialists  have  a  powerful  apparatus  for  agitation, 
and  it  should  be  noted  that  among  their  leaders  are  educated  men 
and  trained  politicians. 

Which  of  these  parties  is  right  .^  Every  observer  must  admit 
that  in  the  present  disturbed  times  the  majority  Socialists  have 
acted  in  a  sane  and  dignified  manner;  their  determined  stand  against 
the  Activists  has  saved  Sweden  from  being  dragged  into  the  war. 
The  policy  of  the  Left  Socialists,  on  the  other  hand,  has  been 
uncertain  and  perilous.  They  have  swung  between  the  extremes  of 
Germanophobia  and  Anglophobia,  and  they  are  not  free  from  the 
suspicion  of  having  received  subsidies  from  foreign  governments, 
most  recently  from  that  of  Russia.  Yet,  with  all  their  mistakes,  they 
have  a  certain  mission  to  perform,  as  the  salt  that  has  not  lost  its 
power,  in  upholding  the  full  programme  of  socialism. 

When  the  old  Internationale  was  shattered  by  the  war,  a  new  and 
more  radical  organization  was  formed,  at  Zimmerwald  in  Switzer- 
land, at  a  congress  where,  if  I  mistake  not,  Lenine  was  present. 
The  Left  Socialists  in  Sweden  have  oflScially  subscribed  to  the 
principles  of  the  Zimmerwald  Internationale,  and,  in  the  Russian 
revolution,  they  have  sympathized  with  Trotzky  and  Lenine,  whereas 
the  majority  Socialists  sympathized  with  Kerensky.  The  "Lefts" 
may  therefore  not  improperly  be  called  "Swedish  Bolsheviki." 

These  "Bolsheviki"  have  never,  like  the  majority  Socialists,  taken 


280  THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 

a  stand  against  the  recent  rioting  due  to  food  shortage  and  unemploy- 
ment, but  have  rather  incited  to  violence;  yet  they  are  by  no  means 
united  on  this  point.  If  there  should  be  more  disturbances,  the 
Liberal-Socialist  ministry  under  Eden  would,  no  doubt,  put  them 
down  w^ith  a  firm  hand,  and  in  this  it  would  have  the  support  of  an 
overwhelming  majority  of  the  people.  Besides,  there  is  still  Branting — 
a  strong  wall  against  which  all  anarchistic  movements  break  their  force 
in  vain.  If  his  influence  for  any  reason  should  be  removed,  it  might  re- 
sult in  the  collapse  of  the  Socialist  party  into  a  number  of  small  fac- 
tions, as  in  France,  and  then  the  left  wing  might  gain  much  in  power. 

In  Norway,  the  Socialist  party  polled  one-third  of  all  the  votes 
cast  in  the  general  elections  in  1915.  Nevertheless  it  is  not  so  strong 
in  the  Storting  as  in  the  Swedish  and  Danish  parliaments.  This 
is  due  in  part  to  a  peculiar  system  of  voting,  by  which  the  country 
districts  are  favored  at  the  expense  of  the  cities,  and  here  we  may 
perhaps  trace  one  cause  of  the  bitter  radicalism  shown  by  many  Nor- 
wegian socialists.  The  movement  has  been  headed  by  such  pioneers 
as  Chr.  Holterman  Knudsen,  C.  Jeppesen,  a  Dane,  now  mayor  of 
Christiania,  and  Ole  O.  Lian,  until  recently  secretary  of  the  party. 
All  are  men  who  approve  only  of  parliamentary  methods  of  warfare, 
and  their  programme  has  been  formed  on  the  German  "  reformist ic  " 
ideas,  but  it  has  been  a  shade  more  radical  than  that  of  the  Swedes. 
Within  the  party  there  has  always  been  an  important  left  wing, 
sometimes  known  as  the  Young  Socialists,  and  this  element  has 
grown  so  in  strength  that  the  moderate  leaders  have  never  dared  to 
risk  an  absolute  break  as  Branting  did  in  Sweden. 

Even  before  the  war,  the  sudden  expansion  of  manufacturing 
created  a  large  wage-earning  class,  and  the  radical  socialists  were 
recruited  chiefly  from  the  poorer  and  less  educated  workingmen — - 
the  proletariat  in  the  truest  sense.  This  faction  is  syndicalist  in  its 
doctrine,  and  has  for  its  slogan  sabotage  and  anti-militarism.  It 
found  a  fiery  leader  and  agitator  in  Martin  Tranmael,  the  editor  of 
Ny  Tid  in  Trondhjem.  During  the  war,  Norway,  too,  has  seen 
hard  times,  and,  naturally,  the  poor  people  have  suffered  most. 
Hunger  is  the  cradle  of  revolution,  and  the  extremists  have  gained  a 
number  of  proselytes. 

At  the  national  convention  of  the  party,  last  Easter,  the  radical 
faction,  for  the  first  time,  had  a  majority.  The  conservative  leaders, 
seeing  their  programme  voted  down  at  evevy  point,  retired  from 
office,  and  Tranmael  was  elected  secretary  of  the  party.  A  resolution 
was  passed  in  w^iich  the  principle  of  class  war  and  the  right  of  revolu- 
tion were  openly  proclaimed.  The  meeting  furthermore  decided  to 
cooperate  with  the  Left  Socialist  party  in  Sweden  and  to  affiliate 
with  the  Zimmerwald  Internationale.     It  endorsed  the  Workmen's 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW  281 

Councils  formed  by  several  large  labor  unions  on  the  pattern  of  the 
Russian  Workmen's  Councils,  with  the  ultimate  aim  of  taking  full 
control  of  all  industries,  agriculture,  trade,  transportation,  and 
government. 

It  is  yet  too  early  to  say  what  action  these  Norwegian  Bolsheviki 
will  take.  Undoubtedly  their  movement  should  not  be  belittled, 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  we  may  hope  that  the  position  of  full  control 
of  a  large  and  steadily  growing  political  party  will  have  a  sobering 
effect  on  them.  Recent  accounts  from  Norway  say  thatTranmael 
has  been  sentenced  to  a  short  term  in  prison  for  treason,  but  the 
riots  which  the  bourgeois  papers  feared  in  consequence  do  not  seem 
to  have  taken  place. 

In  Denmark,  socialism  made  its  entrance  earlier  than  in  the 
other  countries,  and  its  course  has  run  more  smoothly.  The  Danish 
socialists,  recognizing  the  impossibility  of  their  little  country  defend- 
ing itself  against  Germany,  have  always  had  disarmament  on  their 
programme.  Moreover,  the  Danish  State  has  been  perhaps  more 
thoroughly  socialized  than  any  other;  State  care  of  the  aged,  the 
infirm,  and  the  unemployed  has  been  accepted  in  principle  and  care- 
fully worked  out  in  practice.  Due  perhaps  to  these  two  reasons,  there 
has  never  been  any  radical  faction  of  importance  within  the  party. 
Sporadic  sjmdicalistic  movements  have  occurred  sometimes,  but  have 
never  been  successful.  The  two  chief  party  leaders,  Frederik  Borg- 
bjerg,  editor  of  Socialdemokraten,  and  Th.  Stauning,  until  recently  a 
member  of  the  cabinet,  have  upheld  a  policy  along  German  "reform- 
istic"  lines. 

Quite  recently,  however,  the  failure  of  the  raw  materials  formerly 
imported  from  America  and  other  countries  suddenly  created  a  large 
unemployed  proletariat,  numbering  perhaps  50,000  people.  The 
socialist  leaders  supported  the  demand  that  the  government  should 
care  for  these  sufferers,  and  the  government  took  adequate  measures 
to  do  so.  But  in  the  meantime,  the  masses  had  been  stirred  up  by 
persons  infected  with  Bolshevist  ideas,  and  the  movement  got  beyond 
the  control  of  the  conservative  leaders.  Official  Social-Democracy 
then  took  its  hand  away  from  these  agitators  and  denounced  them  in 
the  strongest  terms.  A  demonstration  of  10,000  unemployed  in 
Copenhagen  last  January  was  directed  against  Borgbjerg  and  Staun- 
ing as  well  as  against  the  Rigsdag,  but  it  dissolved  in  a  mere  farce. 
This  was  followed,  a  month  later,  by  more  serious  riots  in  front  of  the 
stock  exchange,  which  resulted  in  the  arrest  of  Chr.  Christensen,  the 
editor  of  Solidaritet,  and  some  of  his  companions.  In  other  parts  of 
the  country,  too,  there  have  been  sporadic  riots,  but  well-informed 
Danes  regard  them  as  rather  local  and  harmless. 

What  is  the  outlook  now  in  the  Scandinavian  countries.^  Are 
they  facing  a  social  revolution  like  that  in  Russia  and  Finland.^ 


28^2 


THE    AMERICAN -SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW 


The  answer  is  reassuring.  The  workingmen  in  Scandinavia  are  too 
intelHgent  not  to  know  that  revolution  never  created  a  loaf  of  bread. 
They  have  too  much  political  education  not  to  take  warning  from 
the  miserable  conditions  in  Russia  and  Finland.  We  may  trust  them 
to  keep  their  heads  cool,  provided  the  food  scarcity  and  unemploy- 
ment do  not  grow  more  acute  than  at  present. 

Much  depends  on  the  attitude  of  the  bourgeois  elements.  In 
Sweden  there  was  a  tendency,  in  1917,  to  form  ''protection  guards" 
similar  to  the  White  Guards  in  Finland,  but  the  project  was 
nipped  in  the  bud  after  a  fiery  speech  by  Branting  in  the  Riksdag. 
If  the  bourgeoisie  will  meet  the  workingmen  peacefully  and  in  a  con- 
ciliatory spirit,  instead  of  irritating  them,  it  will  tend  to  stop  any 
incipient  uprising. 

There  is,  of  course,  the  possibility  of  crop  failure  and  disastrous 
famine.  With  the  nightmare  of  hunger  torturing  them,  even  wise  and 
sane  people  may  lose  their  heads,  and  in  that  case  the  very  existence 
of  Scandinavia  might  be  threatened;  for  we  know  from  the  example 
of  Finland  that,  in  case  of  armed  conflict,  Germany  would  not  for  a 
moment  hesitate  to  intervene  to  "restore  order."  At  present,  how- 
ever, there  seems  no  reason  for  pessimism.  We  may  confidently  hope 
that  such  a  situation  will  never  be  created. 


A  Characteristic  View  of  the  Kiel 
Canal  Shows  One  of  the  Four 
Railroad  Bridges  That  Span  It. 
This  German  Waterway  Is  Sixty 
Miles  Long  and  So  Wide  That 
Two  Large  Ships  Can  Pass  Each 
Other.  Emperor  William  I  Began 
the  Construction  in  1887,  and  the 
Present  Emperor  Opened  the 
Canal  in  1895.  For  a  Third  of  Its 
Length,  in  the  Eastern  Part,  It 
Touches  the  Slesvig  Border;  in 
Its  Middle  Course  It  Is  Entirely 
Within  Holstein  Though  Still 
Near  the  Border;  Then  It  Turns 
Abruptly  South  to  Enter  the 
Mouth  of  the  Elbe  River. 


Alexander  E.  Johnson 


THE  life  of  Alexander  Edward  Johnson,  who  died  on  June  11 
after  a  lingering  illness,  is  a  fine  example  of  a  commercial  career 
turned  to  public  service.  Not  only  that  he  gave  liberally  of  a 
well-earned  surplus,  but  his  business  activity  had  something  of  the 
wide  outlook  of  the  statesman.     As  immigration  agent  for  the  State 

of  Minnesota,  and  later  as 
land  commissioner  for  the 
Hill  railway  interests,  he  was 
instrumental  in  leading  the 
stream  of  Scandinavian  im- 
migrants to  Minnesota, 
North  Dakota,  and  the  far 
West.  The  Red  River  Valley, 
"the  bread-basket  of  Amer- 
ica," was  settled  by  sixty 
thousand  people,  largely 
through  his  endeavors.  Not 
content  with  securing  sturdy 
tillers  for  the  virgin  soil,  he 
took  care  to  lead  the  new- 
comer to  fertile  land,  showed 
him  how  to  get  his  title  in 
order,  and  helped  him  to  be- 
come an  American  citizen. 

Mr.  Johnson  had  himself 
known  what  it  was  to  be  an 
immigrant.  Born  in  Varm- 
land,  in  1840,  he  came  to 
this  country  at  the  age  of 
fourteen.  His  father  died 
soon  after,  and  the  boy  was  thus  confronted  with  the  problem  of 
supporting  his   mother  and  winning  an  education  for  himself. 

Though  his  life-work  was  in  the  West,  Mr.  Johnson  spent  his  old 
age  in  New  York.  Those  who  came  in  contact  with  him  there 
remember  the  great  kindliness  and  good-will  that  radiated  from  his 
personality.  Many  honors  came  to  him.  He  was  first  Swedish 
consul  in  America  after  1905,  first  president  of  the  Swedish  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  trustee  of  the  American-Scandinavian  Foundation, 
Commander  of  the  Vasa  Order,  Knight  of  the  Dannebrog,  and 
honorary  member  of  various  organizations. 


Alexander  E.  Johnson 


Editorial 

Self-determination  The  President,  in  an  address  to  both  houses  of 
FOR  Slesvig  Congress,  on  January  8,  enunciated  the  four- 

teen cardinal  points  of  the  peace  programme 
for  which  the  United  States  is  willing  to  fight  until  it  is  achieved. 
In  summing  up,  he  said:  "An  evident  principle  runs  through  the 
whole  programme  I  have  outlined.  It  is  the  principle  of  justice  to 
all  peoples  and  nationalities  and  their  right  to  live  on  equal  terms  of 
liberty  and  safety  one  with  another,  whether  they  be  strong  or  weak. 
Unless  this  principle  be  made  its  foundation,  no  part  of  the  structure 
of  international  justice  can  stand."  In  conformity  with  this  prin- 
ciple laid  down  by  the  President,  the  Editors  of  the  Review  have 
prepared  the  Slesvig  Number,  presenting  the  case  of  a  small  group 
of  Scandinavians  living  against  their  will  under  Prussian  dominion. 

The  problem  of  Slesvig  will  undoubtedly  come  up  at  the  peace 
conference.  Indeed,  it  has  already  been  discussed  in  the  British 
Parliament,  when  the  restoration  of  the  lost  province  to  Denmark 
was  suggested  as  the  best  means  of  internationalizing  the  Kiel 
Canal.  The  Danish  South-Jutlanders  have  stood  out  for  half  a 
century  against  Prussianism.  They  have  fought  their  battles  in 
the  open  and  with  fair  weapons,  and  morally  they  have  won.  In 
the  face  of  organized  German  effort,  they  have  not  only  preserved 
their  entity,  but  deepened  and  broadened  their  national  character. 
They  speak  Danish  with  greater  purity  than  ever  before,  and  are 
more  than  ever  imbued  with  Northern  ideals.  Though  physically 
a  part  of  the  German  Empire,  subject  to  its  unjust  laws  and  abomina- 
ble military  system,  they  have  preserved  their  souls  apart.  They 
have  not  been  tainted  by  the  moral  blight  that  has  fallen  on  the 
German  people.  By  their  intrepid  spirit,  their  splendid  organiza- 
tion, their  intelligent  fight  for  justice,  they  have  showed  their  ability 
to  guide  their  own  destinies  and  earned  the  right  to  determine 
their  own  fate. 

Regard  must,  of  course,  be  paid  to  the  interests  of  Denmark. 
The  Danes  have  bravel}^  accepted  their  defeat  at  the  hands  of  a 
brute  power,  and  have  refrained  from  all  political  intrigues  against 
Germany,  although  thej^  have  loyally  helped  the  South-Jutlanders 
to  preserve  their  heritage  of  Northern  culture.  The  possession  of  a 
region  coveted  l)y  Germany  and  inhabited  by  Germans  would 
undoubtedly  expose  Denmark  to  attacks  in  the  future.  The  restora- 
tion of  Slesvig  should  therefore  concern  only  the  northern  region, 
which  is  essentially  Danish,  and  should  be  based  on  self-determina- 
tion, thus  carrying  out,  though  tardily,  the  provisions  of  the  Treaty 
of  Prague.  We  trust  that  wisdom  may  guide  the  peace  negotiations 
in  the  course  that  will  insure  liberty  and  safety  for  all  concerned. 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW  285 

The  Valve  of      Slesvig,  with  its  8,734  square  kilometers  of  terri- 
Slesvig  to  tory  and  its  430,000  inhabitants,  has  an  import- 

Germany  ance  in  European  history  that  is  out  of  proportion 

to  its  size.  The  beginning  of  German  dominion 
is  generally  traced  to  the  conquest  of  Alsace-Lorraine  and  the  hum- 
bling of  proud  France;  but  if  we  go  back  a  few  years,  we  find  that 
the  acquisition  of  Slesvig  and  Holstein,  through  the  defeat  of  little 
Denmark,  in  1864,  really  laid  the  foundations  of  the  modern  Ger- 
man Empire.  That  was  the  beginning  of  the  forceful  assimilation 
of  alien  border  peoples  which  committed  Germany  to  her  policy 
of  blood  and  iron,  and  necessitated  a  huge  army.  A  long  strip  of 
coastline  was  then  added  to  her  possessions,  thus  giving  her  added 
freedom  for  military  operations  in  the  Baltic,  and  therewith  com- 
menced the  encircling  of  that  inland  sea,  in  which  the  occupation  of 
Finland  is  the  last  link.  The  annexation  of  the  two  provinces  form- 
ing the  neck  of  the  Danish  peninsula  made  possible  the  construction 
of  the  Kiel  Canal,  which,  together  with  the  Kiel  harbor,  established 
the  maritime  power  of  the  empire.  The  harbor  with  its  fortification 
is  the  cradle  of  the  German  navy.  The  canal  enables  her  to  keep  her 
battleships  under  cover,  ready  to  slip  out  suddenly  and  secretly, 
and  in  this  way  she  can  tie  up  a  large  part  of  an  enemy's  fleet.  Com- 
mercially the  waterway  has  been  of  enormous  importance,  elimin- 
ating the  tortuous  route  through  the  Oresund  and  giving  Hamburg 
direct  communication  with  the  east.  Before  the  war,  Hamburg  had 
become  one  of  the  greatest  trading  marts  in  the  world,  and  an  im- 
mense volume  of  American  goods  was  transshipped  there  for  Scan- 
dinavia, Finland,  Russia,  and  Siberia.  By  the  absorption  of  the 
Baltic  provinces  and  Finland,  Germany  is  now  trying  to  block  the 
future  commerce  between  America  and  the  countries  of  western 
Europe  on  one  side  and  Russia  and  her  former  possessions  on  the 
other.  She  is  threatening  to  mobilize  the  vast  man  power  and  in- 
exhaustible resources  of  Russia  to  her  own  advantage.  But  all  this 
presupposes  control  of  the  Baltic  and  its  key,  the  Kiel  Canal,  and 
while  the  harbor  and  canal  are  both  in  Holstein,  they  are  so  close 
to  the  Slesvig  border  that  the  possession  of  that  old  Danish  land  is 
considered  a  military  necessity'  from  the  German  point  of  view. 

Ix  THE  Up  to  the  end  of  July,  5,144  Danish  South-Jutlanders 

World  War  had  fallen  in  the  war  out  of  a  total  of  148,000.  Many 
times  that  number  are  wounded  and  disabled.  They 
have  been  forced  to  fight  for  the  cause  they  abhor,  against  people 
whom  they  can  only  regard  as  fellow-victims,  pitted  against  them 
by  merciless  fate.  Prisoners  of  war  bear  testimony  to  the  kindliness 
of   the   South-Jutlanders   compared   with    German    brutality.      The 


286  THE    AMERICAN -SCAN  DIN  AVIAN     REVIEW 

Germans  themselves  have  abundantly  testified  to  their  bravery  and 
have  rewarded  them  with  unwelcome  iron  crosses. 

With  all  this,  Germany's  methods  are  unchanged.  Never  has 
oppression  been  harder  in  South  Jutland  than  to-day;  never  has 
hatred  and  persecution  of  everything  Danish  been  more  violent. 
When  the  war  broke  out  and  the  youth  of  South  Jutland,  obedient 
to  the  law,  flocked  to  the  German  colors,  and  Danish  men  were  even 
taken  ahead  of  the  Germans  in  their  classes,  then  gendarmes,  police- 
men, and  soldiers  with  loaded  guns  were  sent  out  through  the  country 
to  seize  and  carry  away  to  jail  hundreds  of  prominent  Danes.  Not 
because  they  had  done  anything  punishable,  or  even  were  accused 
of  anything,  but  only  to  hinder  any  action  they  might  commit 
prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the  State — in  other  words,  because  the 
bad  conscience  of  the  Germans  told  them  that  a  country  which  had 
been  maltreated  as  South  Jutland  had  been  would,  with  full  justice, 
employ  everj^  means  to  harm  its  tormentors.  These  men  were  kept 
prisoners  for  weeks,  some  of  them  under  most  miserable  conditions, 
and  when  they  were  sent  home  from  the  distant  points  to  which  they 
had  been  taken  they  were  themselves  forced  to  pay  the  journey  forth 
and  back  and  their  prison  stay  at  hotel  rates. 

As  an  example  of  the  brutal  procedure  of  the  Germans  may  be 
mentioned  the  arrest  of  the  old  editor,  Mr.  Mathiesen  of  Haderslev, 
by  seven  soldiers  with  fixed  bayonets,  who  escorted  him  to  jail  through 
the  crowded  streets.  He  had  for  a  long  time  been  mortally  ill  with 
cancer;  he  was  deaf  and  almost  blind.  In  spite  of  this,  he  was  taken 
to  a  little  island  far  away  off  the  Pomeranian  shore.  His  wife  tried 
repeatedly  to  obtain  a  little  mercy  for  him,  but  the  commandant 
answered  her  agonized  prayers  by  saying:  ''Es  ist  mir  dock  einerlei, 
oh  so  ein  Kerl  ki'epiert."  The  sick  man  was  kept  in  jail  for  weeks 
and  died  a  few  months  after  being  released. 

The  South  Jutland  press  is  even  now  kept  under  the  severest 
censorship,  not  only  in  that  it  can  not  write  freely,  but  in  that  it 
receives  orders  what  to  print.  The  persecution  of  the  Danish  language 
continues  unabated.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  a  stock  company  in 
Flensborg  the  police  refused  to  permit  the  directors  to  speak  Danish. 
Danish  Slesvigers  in  the  Prussian  army  have  likewise  been  forbidden 
the  use  of  their  own  mother  tongue. 

All  this  goes  on  while  the  flower  of  South  Jutland  is  giving  its 
life  in  order  to  fulfill  the  duty  demanded  by  the  law  and  while  the 
Germans  themselves  acknowledge  that  they  are  doing  so. 

It  is  the  same  old  story.  The  Germans  consider  themselves  the 
chosen  people  placed  above  all  others,  without  respect  or  feeling 
for  those  who  think  otherwise.  In  South  Jutland  the  hatred  of 
Germany  has  never  been  more  bitter  than  at  present,  nor  the  cleavage 
between  German  and  Dane  deeper.     The  storm  is  devastating  the 


THE     AMERIC  AN-SC  Ay  Diy  AVIAN     REVIEW  287 

country;  thousands  of  its  best  men  are  maimed  and  killed.  But  their 
purpose  has  not  changed;  hope  is  not  abandoned,  and,  as  one  of  their 
songs  says:  "Hope  points  toward  Denmark." 

A  New  Fourth  In  sanctioning  the  celebration  of  the  Fourth  of 
July  by  racial  groups,  all  marching  under  the 
Stars  and  Stripes,  President  Wilson  showed  the  way  to  that  newer 
ideal  of  patriotism  which  must  be  ours  if  we  are  to  attain  full  stature 
as  a  nation.  Our  national  holiday  was  transformed  from  a  day  of 
boasting  to  a  day  of  consecration.  Instead  of  the  old  spread-eagle 
oratory,  we  had  proclamations  of  freedom  for  all  the  people  that 
dwell  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  To  the  foreign-born  it  was  a  day 
for  bringing  all  their  pride  of  race  and  all  their  memories  of  the  past 
as  gifts  to  the  country  in  which  they  have  found  happiness  and 
freedom. 

The  inspiration  of  such  a  day  was  needed  at  this  time.  The 
abuse  of  our  hospitality  by  German  propagandists  has  naturally 
roused  bitter  resentment  and  suspicion.  Many  well-meaning  people 
think  that  the  only  safeguard  for  such  evils  in  the  future  lies  in  sup- 
pressing all  individuality  in  the  immigrant  and  imposing  on  him 
a  standard  Americanism  as  quickly  as  possible.  Hence  efforts  that 
might  better  be  directed  to  fostering  good-will  among  our  various 
groups  of  citizens  are  turned  against  a  loyal  press,  against  loyal 
churches  and  schools,  because  they  employ  another  language  than 
English. 

This  recrudescence  of  Know-nothingism  would  be  more  dis- 
couraging if  we  did  not  see,  side  by  side  with  it,  the  growth  of  that 
larger  Americanism  which  found  expression  on  the  Fourth  of  July. 
More  and  more  people  realize  that  love  for  this  country  need  not 
imply  the  loss  of  that  "backward  vision"  which  is  the  heritage  of 
the  old  nations.  There  is  an  increasing  interest  in  the  native  cul- 
ture of  the  immigrant  groups  that  make  up  our  population.  It  is 
seen  that  every  human  being  is  tied  to  the  land  of  his  birth  by  the 
subtle  forces  which  the  old  Norsemen  symbolized  in  the  chain  that 
bound  the  Fenris  Wolf — forged  of  "the  noise  a  cat  makes  in  footfall, 
the  beard  of  a  woman,  the  roots  of  a  rock,  the  sinews  of  a  bear,  the 
breath  of  a  fish,  and  the  spittle  of  a  bird" — and  the  sudden  snapping 
of  this  chain  makes  the  children  of  immigrants  intellectually  barren. 

Those  of  us  who  have  always  believed  in  retaining  the  spiritual 
bond  between  the  immigrant  and  his  mother  country  felt  our  faith 
justified  by  the  splendid  pageant  on  Fifth  Avenue,  where  it  seemed 
that  the  essence  of  all  the  beauty  and  color  and  poetry  of  the  old 
nations  was  brought  together  to  enrich  America.  May  the  spirit 
of  that  day  stay  with  us!  This  country  has  already  in  a  measure 
solved  the  problem  of  harmonizing  difl^erent  races.     We  know  noth- 


^>88  THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW 

ing  of  the  national  strife  that  is  rending  Slesvig  and  Finland  and 
Austria.  Here  and  here  alone  people  of  every  blood,  from  everj^ 
clime,  dwell  together  in  peace  and  amity.  Freedom  of  language, 
of  creed,  of  family  custom,  of  thought  and  speech  has  contributed 
to  this  result  as  much  as,  perhaps  more  than,  the  right  to  vote  and 
the  opportunity  to  earn  a  fair  wage.  There  should  be  no  tampering 
now  with  the  policy  of  broad  tolerance  that  has  made  us  a  happy 
and  united  nation. 

x\mundsen's     The  New  York  Times,  in  its  issue  of  June  30,  com- 
Departure       ments  editorially  on  Amundsen's  departure  for  the 
North  Pole  as  follows: 

"If  Roald  Amundsen  were  not  a  Norwegian,  and  therefore  an  explorer  by' 
race  and  blood,  one  might  wonder  how  he  could  set  out  for  the  North  Pole, 
which  everybody  expects  him  to  attain,  when  the  world  is  ablaze  with  war  and 
there  is  a  hazard  that  he  may  have  no  country  when  he  returns  to  Christiania. 
It  is  really  a  pity  that  a  born  leader  of  men  like  Amundsen  is  not  in  the  fight 
against  Germany.  At  forty-six  he  is  in  the  prime  of  life,  with  a  courage  that  no 
peril  can  daunt,  and  a  frame  proof  against  hardship.  The  driving  power  of  the 
man  is  tremendous,  and  he  has  a  magnetic  personal  charm  that  attracts  heroic 
spirits  to  him.  Venturesome  as  the  enterprise  was,  the  crew  of  the  Gjoa  that  he 
took  through  the  Northwest  Passage  was  always  a  happy  ship's  company;  and 
the  South  Pole  was  gained  by  men  who  found  the  way  made  easy  by  Amundsen's 
cheerful  and  sturdy  leadership.  His  talents  and  character  would  tell  in  the 
Great  War,  but  Fate  decreed  that  he  should  be  an  explorer  first,  and  then  a  neu- 
tral. A  neutral,  however,  only  in  the  national  sense.  Germany  became  odious 
to  the  man  who  returned  the  Kaiser's  decorations  as  'a  personal  protest  against 
the  German  murder  of  peaceful  Norwegian  sailors  in  the  North  Sea.' 

"Two,  three,  four  years  Roald  Amundsen  may  be  gone,  and  perhaps  he  will 
never  come  back  from  the  polar  silences,  for  this  is  his  greatest  venture.  But 
he  admits  no  such  word  as  failure,  and  never  was  Arctic  explorer  better  equipped 
with  aids  to  success  and  native  resources,  or  more  staunchly  backed  by  seasoned 
comrades.  The  War  will  probably  be  over  when  he  sails  into  the  home  harbor, 
and  civilization  will  have  been  saved.  Imagine  the  thrill  of  the  stoutest  of 
Norwegian  explorers  when  he  sights  his  first  ship  in  temperate  seas,  and  the 
answer  is  made  to  his  question,  shouted  across  the  surges,  'How's  the  War.-^" 

War  The  Review  blew  a  strong  blast  for  War  Savings  in  our 

Savings  last  issue.  Three  full-page  announcements  were  con- 
tributed by  loyal  readers  of  the  magazine.  Let  the  good 
work  continue.  People  of  Scandinavian  blood  are  taking  the  lead 
in  the  organization  of  War  Savings  Societies  throughout  the  coun- 
try. At  the  Swedish  celebration  of  the  Fourth  in  Chicago,  the  Swe- 
dish Division  Illinois  War  Savings  Committee  combined  with  the 
John  Ericsson  League.  Among  the  .speakers  were  Governor  Charles 
S.  Deneen  and  Dr.  Amandus  Johnson.  "From  this  time  forward," 
says  the  Treasury  Department,  ''emphasis  should  be  laid  upon  the 
organization  and  continuation  of  War  Savings  Societies.  There 
should  be  one  or  more  of  such  W^ar  Savings  Societies  within  every 
existing  organization  (civic  or  church)." 


Current  Events 

Denmark 

C  The  Rigsdag  was  opened  by  the  King  in  person,  on  May  28. 
It  was  a  notable  occasion  in  many  ways.  The  legislators  met  for 
the  first  time  in  the  rebnilt  Christiansborg  Castle,  a  splendid  struc- 
ture which  it  has  taken  nearly  fifteen  years  to  complete,  and  which 
includes  under  one  roof  the  royal  palace,  the  houses  of  the  Rigsdag, 
and  the  rooms  of  the  Supreme  Court.  It  was  particularly  appropri- 
ate that  the  new  halls  should  be  opened  with  the  Rigsdag  which  is 
the  first  to  be  elected  under  the  new  liberal  constitution  of  June  5, 
191.5.  It  was  the  first  time  women  voted  in  national  elections,  and 
four  women  took  their  places  among  the  members  of  the  Rigsdag. 
The  first  speech  by  a  woman  member  was  made  by  Fru  Elna  Munch, 
wife  of  the  minister  of  defenses,  who  is  himself  also  a  member  of 
the  Folketing.  C.  The  parties  are  very  evenly  divided.  In  the 
Folketing  the  government  party,  a  coalition  of  Radicals  and  So- 
cialists, has  a  majority  of  only  two  over  the  combined  strength  of 
the  other  parties.  In  the  Landsting  the  government  has  a  minority 
of  four  of  the  new^  members  elected,  but  the  eighteen  members  of  the 
former  Rigsdag  who  still  hold  their  seats  help  to  swell  the  Conserva- 
tive ranks,  so  the  government  has,  in  fact,  a  total  strength  in  the 
Landsting  of  only  twenty -eight  against  forty -four.  Under  these 
conditions,  it  can  of  course  not  count  on  forcing  through  any  radical 
measures.  An  outstanding  feature  of  the  elections  is  the  growth  of 
the  Socialist  element  in  Copenhagen.  Remarkably  little  interest 
was  taken  in  the  elections,  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  there  were 
no  exciting  issues.  All  parties  agree  in  preserving  the  neutrality 
of  the  country  and  in  trying  to  solve  the  problems  of  food 
shortage,  unemployment,  and  other  evils  due  to  the  war  in  the  best 
possible  manner.  C.  In  the  matter  of  food  Denmark  is,  perhaps, 
as  well  off  as  any  country  in  Europe,  but  a  strict  rationing  is  main- 
tained in  order  to  husband  the  resources  of  the  country  and  save 
enough  for  "compensation"  goods  to  other  countries.  Denmark 
has  j)ut  at  the  disposal  of  Sweden  15,000  tons  of  grain,  and  has  also 
exported  large  quantities  of  butter  in  return  for  Swedish  wares. 
The  short  rations  of  bread  and  butter  led  to  serious  riots  in  Copen- 
hagen in  June,  but  the  government  persisted  in  its  plan  for  food 
conservation.  The  importation  of  Norway  saltpeter  to  Denmark 
amounted  to  20,000  tons  in  the  month  of  May.  C.  A  delegation  of 
four  men  headed  by  the  minister  of  finance,  Chr.  Hage,  left  for  Ice- 
land in  June  to  attend  a  conference  at  Reykjavik  for  the  settlement 
of  the  differences  between  Denmark  and  Iceland.  The  Icelanders 
wish  to  use  their  own  flag  and  be  regarded  as  a  sovereign  state 
while  remaining  in  a  personal  union  with  the  kingdom  of  Denmark. 


290  THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW 

Sweden 

C  King  Giistaf  s  sixtieth  birthday,  on  June  16,  brought  him  warm 
congratulations  from  Denmark  and  Norway,  as  well  as  from  all 
parts  of  Sweden.  He  is  recognized  in  the  neighboring  countries  as 
the  creator  of  the  idea  of  Scandinavian  cooperation  which  is  steadily 
growing  in  importance.  The  large-minded  manner  in  which  the 
King  laid  aside  all  personal  grievances  to  visit  King  Haakon  recently' 
has  established  his  place  in  the  affection  and  esteem  of  the  Nor- 
wegians. C  The  Riksdag  of  1918  failed  to  pass  two  leading  meas- 
ures in  the  programme  of  the  Liberal-Socialist  government.  Woman 
suffrage  was  again  voted  down  by  the  first  chamber  after  passing 
the  second.  The  bill  for  liberalizing  the  communal  suffrage  and 
thereby  the  elections  to  the  first  chamber  was  likewise  blocked  bj' 
the  Conservatives  in  that  reactionary  body,  after  a  debate  charac- 
terized by  bitterness  and  a  threatening  tone  on  both  sides.  C.  The 
session  was  marked  by  a  great  volume  of  legislation  dealing  with  war 
conditions.  In  Sweden,  as  in  the  belligerent  countries,  the  State  is 
more  and  more  taking  over  the  management  of  production  and  dis- 
tribution formerly  left  to  private  enterprise.  It  has  been  necessary 
to  stimulate  agriculture  and  to  encourage  the  home  manufacture  of 
articles  formerly  purchased  abroad.  Furthermore,  the  state  is  in- 
teresting itself  in  the  utilization  of  water  power,  and  work  will  soon 
begin  on  one  of  the  great  falls  of  Lapland,  partly  in  order  to  increase 
the  supply  of  electricity  available  and  partly  as  a  measure  against 
unemployment.  As  a  consequence  of  all  these  government  activities, 
the  budget  has  increased  to  1,582,700,000  kronor  for  1918  as  against 
261,100,000  for  1913.  C.  By  the  agreement  with  the  Allied  govern- 
ments, signed  in  London  on  May  29,  the  Swedish  government  has 
undertaken  to  facilitate  the  export  to  the  Allied  countries  of  wood 
pulp,  steel,  and  iron  ore,  and  has  approved  the  chartering  of  400,000 
tons  of  Swedish  ships  to  the  Allies.  In  return  Sweden  will  be  allowed 
to  import  grain  from  Argentina  and  Australia,  fodder,  oil,  leather, 
hides,  and  wool  from  South  America,  and  raw  materials  for  manu- 
facturing, chiefly  cotton  and  metals,  in  sufficient  quantities.  Some 
anxiety  is  felt  in  Sweden  over  the  large  amount  of  tonnage  which 
is  thus  diverted  from  the  Swedish  trade.  It  is  claimed  that  Sweden 
will  have  only  600,000  tons  for  her  own  disposal,  of  which  only 
150,000  can  be  used  for  transoceanic  trade,  an  amount  that  seems 
inadequate  for  Sweden's  own  use.  C.  The  good  ship  A^ew  Sweden, 
one  of  the  two  largest  freight  steamers  owned  in  Sweden,  has  been 
torpedoed  on  the  way  from  Naples  to  a  North-American  port.  The 
vessel  was  the  propert}^  of  the  Swedish  East  Asiatic  Company. 
C  The  Spitzbergen  coal  mines  are  expected  to  yield  10,000  tons 
this  summer.     Most  of  this  will  be  used  for  the  State  railways. 


TEE    AMERICAN -SCANDINAVIAN    REVIEW  291 

Norway 

C  General  satisfaction  is  felt  with  the  treaty  negotiated  by  the 
Nansen  Commission  with  our  government.  It  is  true,  some  of  the 
papers  point  out  that  Norway  has  really  bound  herself  to  export  to 
our  allies  certain  quantities  of  her  products  without  absolute  assur- 
ance that  she  will  receive  anything  in  return,  since  the  United  States 
Food  Administrator  promises  only  to  release  what  can  be  spared. 
Nevertheless  it  is  realized  that  our  government  is  sincerely  anxious 
to  relieve  Norway's  want  so  far  as  possible,  and  the  prevailing  tone 
is  one  of  optimism.  The  return  of  Dr.  Nansen  and  his  expressions 
of  good- will  toward  the  American  people  and  administration  have 
helped  to  increase  the  cordial  feeling  which  is  noticeable  in  the 
press  comments.  C.  The  Norwegian  losses  from  submarines  in 
the  month  of  May  were  fourteen  vessels  with  a  total  tonnage  of  11,791. 
This  unusually  heavy  toll  was  due  to  the  war  of  destruction  on  the 
sealing  and  whaling  vessels  along  the  northern  coast  under  pretense 
that  they  were  supplying  England  with  oil,  though,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  Norwegian  government  has  laid  an  embargo  on  all  oil  and 
is  even  paying  a  high  premium  for  it.  The  German  operations  were 
carried  on  in  the  customary  brutal  fashion.  A  few  crews  of  tor- 
pedoed vessels  managed  to  save  themselves  by  rowing  to  the  Russian 
port  Vaida-Guba.  While  they  were  there,  the  Germans  bombarded 
the  village  in  order  to  destroy  its  wireless  plant.  Fourteen  of  the 
inhabitants  were  killed  and  fourteen  wounded,  some  of  the  bodies 
being  horribly  mutilated.  The  Norwegian  losses  since  the  war  began 
have  now  reached  769  ships  and  1,008  seamen,  besides  53  ships 
and  704  men  missing.  C.  The  Norwegian  government  has  acquired 
the  French  interests  in  the  Grong  mines  near  Trondhjem  with  the 
stipulation  that  none  of  the  pyrites  mined  there  shall  be  sold  to 
Germany  for  the  duration  of  the  war.  The  government  is  also 
taking  steps  to  buy  several  large  waterfalls  in  the  same  region.  A 
commission  is  being  formed  to  deal  with  the  centralization  and  dis- 
tribution of  water  power.  C,  A  national  collection  is  being  taken 
up  in  order  to  enlarge  the  area  of  cultivated  land.  In  Bergen  1,300 
volunteers  have  planted  3,500  sacks  of  potatoes  and  hope  to  raise 
a  crop  of  30,000  barrels  if  the  harvest  is  good.  In  Christiania  the 
University  students,  men  and  women,  are  also  busy  in  the  potato 
patches.  A  consignment  of  115,000  sacks  of  Australian  wheat 
arrived  in  Bergen  on  June  9.  C  The  Christiania  commune  has  laid 
in  such  large  quantities  of  wood  and  coal  that  the  fuel  administration 
hopes  to  avoid  rationing  in  the  coming  winter.  C.  A  general  system 
of  old-age  and  invalid  pensions  is  under  consideration  in  the  Storting. 
The  plan  includes  all  persons  living  in  Norway  or  on  Norwegian  ships 
and  all   those  employed   by  the  government  in  foreign  countries. 


Books 


Essay  Toward  a  History  of  Shakespeare  in  Norway.  By  Martin  B.  Ruud. 
(Scandinavian  Studies  and  Notes,  IV,  2.)  Urbana,  Illinois:  The  Society  for 
the  Advancement  of  Scandinavian  Study,  1917. 

It  is  generally  very  instructive  to  trace  the  fortunes  of  a  great  poet  in  foreign 
countries.  Such  study  is  capable  of  shedding  light  in  both  directions.  The 
reputation  of  Shakespeare  abroad  affords  material  especially  suitable  for  such 
inquiry;  the  reactions  when  he  is  in  question  are  likely  to  be  particular  and 
intense.  To  Jusserand's  Shakespeare  in  France  and  Collison-Morley's  Shake- 
speare in  Italy  it  is  now  possible,  by  reason  of  the  generous  supportof  the  American- 
Scandinavian  Foundation,  to  add  Martin  B.  Ruud's  Essay  Toward  a  History  of 
Shakespeare  in  Norway.  Dr.  Ruud  takes  up  his  matter  chronologically.  He  is 
tracing,  be  it  noted,  not  the  influence  of  Shakespeare  on  Norwegian  literature, 
but  the  widening  interest  in  the  English  poet  as  expressed  in  translations,  criti- 
cisms, and  performances  of  his  plays.  For  the  seventeenth  century  there  is 
nothing  to  record;  for  the  eighteenth  very  little;  even  in  the  nineteenth  century 
Norway  got  its  Shakespeare  from  Denmark.  By  1818  a  translation  of  Coriolanus 
had  appeared  (somehow  appropriate,  one  thinks,  that  this  should  be  the  first 
play  to  be  translated  at  the  hands  of  a  countryman  of  Ibsen's)  and  Niels  Hauge 
translated  Macbeth  in  1855.  Meanwhile,  Ivar  Aasen  had  experimented  with 
Shakespeare  in  the  Landsmaal, '  an  effort  very  recently  widely  extended  by 
Madhus,  Egge,  and  Wildenvey.  All  of  this  material  the  author  analyzes  in 
detail;  he  seems  to  have  some  doubts  about  the  suitability  of  the  Landsmaal  as 
a  vehicle  for  Shakespeare.     A  version  in  the  Riksmaal  remains  to  be  made. 

Chapter  II  deals  with  Shakespeare  criticism  in  Norway.  Bjornson  and  Collin 
supply  the  most  important  matter.  The  record  of  performances,  the  subject  of 
Chapter  III,  begins  with  a  representation  of  Macbeth  in  1844,  and  Johannes 
Brun's  impersonation  of  Falstaff  (1867)  is  probably  its  artistic  climax.  The 
performances  are  tabulated  in  an  appendix. 

If  the  material  discussed  by  this  monograph  appears  to  be  limited  and  rela- 
tively unimportant,  it  is  in  a  measure  due  to  the  close  dependence  of  literary  Nor- 
way upon  Denmark,  and  Shakespeare  in  Denmark  the  author  expressly  reserves  for 
a  later  treatise.  Meanwhile,  he  has  our  gratitude  for  taking  us  over  the  ground 
and  showing  us  what  there  is;  all  a  very  necessary  prelude  to  the  more  delicate 
task  of  assessing  Shakespeare's  influence  upon  the  literature  of  Scandinavia. 

Harry  Morgan  Ayres. 

Sweden-America.  Edited  by  Oscar  G.  Marell.  The  Swedish  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Produce  Exchange  Annex, 
New  York.     1918.     144  pp.     Price  $1.00. 

This  annual  of  the  Swedish  Chamber  is  an  ambitious  book,  as  chock-full  of 
information  as  an  almanac.  It  is  a  practical  publication  for  American  business 
looking  Sweden-ward,  but  its  illustrations,  crisj)  typography,  and  general  articles 
appeal  also  to  the  layman.  For  a  frontispiece  we  find  the  most  attractive  photo- 
graph that  we  have  seen  of  Independence  Hall,  where  a  Swedish-American, 
John  Morton,  cast  the  deciding  vote  for  the  declaration  of  liberties  on  the  Western 
continent — "turned  the  key"  that  made  Pennsylvania  the  "Keystone  State." 
Several  vexed  historical  questions  are  answered  in  the  annual.  For  example, 
how  about  Admiral  Dahlgren  of  Civil  War  fame:  was  he  born  in  Sweden.''  Major 
Machold  tells  the  story  of  his  life  and  that  of  his  son.  Colonel  Ulric  Dahlgren, 
likewise  of  Philadelphia.     The  subject  of  George  Washington's  Swedish  ancestry 


THE    AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN     REVIEW  29J^ 

is  also  discussed.  Trade  subjects,  of  course,  and  statistics  form  the  core  of  this 
book.  To  our  mind,  the  most  vital  contribution  is  a  compact  digest  on  "  Wood 
Pulp  in  1917,"  by  Hans  Lagerlof,  with  suggestions  for  the  future.  America 
could  use  the  entire  wood  pulp  and  iron  output  of  Sweden,  and  it  behooves  us  to 
be  alert  and  study  this  business,  and  capture  it.  Many  firms  having  Swedish 
houses  have  shown  their  vision  by  rallying  to  the  annual  with  advertising.  May 
the  editor  be  forgiven  for  allowing  the  photographs  of  the  directors  of  the  Chamber 
to  adorn  three  pages;  they  are  handsome  and  distinguished  men  all  of  them,  and 
the  editor's  pride  is  justified,  but  the  exhibit  is  too  reminiscent  of  senior  class 
day  albums.  Turning  the  pages  casually,  the  reader  is  impressed  by  the  pictures 
of  Swedish  waterfalls  interspersed  throughout  the  book;  he  seems  to  hear  the 
distant  rhythm  of  the  harmony  and  potentiality  with  which  nature  has  endowed 
Sweden  and  becomes  prayerful  for  renewed  communications  between  our  two 
lands  after  the  war  that  shall  be  jiroductive  of  art  and  literature  as  well  as  social 
and  economic  progress. 

THE  HISTORIC   BASIS  OF   ''THE   HOLY   CITY" 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Review: 

I  have  just  read  Lola  Ridge's  fascinating  review  of  The  Holy  City  a  second 
time,  and  I  am  struck  with  her  opinion  that  Miss  Lagerlof  showed  a  misconception 
of  American  psychology.  This  leads  me  to  recall  the  facts  on  which  the  book 
is  founded.  They  are  now  an  old  story  and  may  be  forgotten  by  many  readers 
of  the  Review. 

It  is  unfortunately  true  that  the  American  Methodist  and  Presbyterian 
missionaries  at  Jerusalem  circulated  the  most  awful  and  delil)erate  slanders. 
The  head  of  the  Methodist  Mission  was  also  our  American  consul  at  the  time, 
and  he  was  one  of  those  narrow  intolerants  who  hate  what  they  do  not  imderstand. 
The  relentless  persecution  suffered  by  the  members  of  the  American  colony  (the 
Gordon  colony  of  Miss  Lagerlof's  story)  at  the  hands  of  their  compatriots  is  a 
matter  of  record.  Appletoiis  Magazine  published  a  graphic  account,  as  did 
other  periodicals.  Miss  Lagerlof  was  commissioned  by  a  Swedish  society  to 
look  into  the  scandal  in  so  far  as  it  involved  the  Swedes.  She  went  into  matters 
pretty  thoroughly,  and,  as  a  consequence  of  her  report,  the  American  consul  was 
recalled  by  our  Administration  to  answer  to  the  charges,  though  he  died,  if  I 
remember  rightly,  on  the  voyage.  Miss  Lagerlof  devoted  months  to  the  task, 
and  her  book  The  Holy  City  grew  out  of  her  investigations.  However  little  we 
can  reconcile  it  with  our  general  conception  of  American  nature — whatever  the 
malign  influences  may  have  been  that  corroded  the  character  of  these  missionaries 
in  Jerusalem^ — ^we  know  that  every  incident  recorded  of  Americans  is  founded 
on  fact,  Velma  Swanston'  Howard. 


Brief  Notes 

The  Swedish  Study  Club  in  Chieago  closed  the  Xortlieru  patriotic  songs  to  American  needs.  Mr. 
first  year  of  its  activity,  on  May  31,  with  no  less  .1.  A.  Lengby,  of  St  Paul,  has  made  an  American 
than  fifty  lectures  to  its  credit.  Five  of  these  were  version  of  Nybom's  Fdnsang.  Mr.  Siver  Serum- 
given  in  the  auditorium  of  the  Chicago  Academy  gard  of  Devil's  Lake,  North  Dakota,  contributes 
of  Sciences  and  were  free  to  the  public.  As  most  paraphrases  of  H'or  oss  Svea,  J  eg  vil  vaerge  m  it  land, 
of  the  work  has  been  done  by  volunteers,  the  result  and  Bjornehorgernes  marsch.  All  are  sung  to  the 
ha.s  been  accomplished  with  a  minimum  of  expense.  original  melodies. 

The  president  of  the    club    is    Mr.   Axel    G.    S.  

Jasephson.  An  Anglo-Norse  Club  has  been  founded  in  Lon- 
don  with  a  view  to  promoting  friendly  relations  and 

Stweral  attempts  have  been  maile  lately  to  aflapt  especially   for  furthering  the    Norwegian    studie.» 


'£9^ 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


^ 

^^^ 

^^^ 

■■ 

SWEDEN 

NORWAY 

DENMARK 

Strindberg  •  Lagerlof 

Bjornson  •  Ibsen 

Brandes  •  Drachmann 

SCANDINAVIAN  LITERATURE  in  the  ORIGINAL  LANGUAGES  OFFERED 

Buy  your  Scandinavian  books  in  this  country  from  tiie  Publisiier's  authorized  agency.    They  do  not  co«t  you  mon 
and  you  do  not  have  to  wait  for  the  books,  as  we  carry  an  enormous  stock  of  the  best  literature  right  here  in  New  York. 

We  can  procure  for  you  any  book  obtainable  in  either  of  the  Scandinavian  countries  at  the  lowest  rate  and  in  Bhort 
est  possible  time.    We  supply  the  largest  Ubraries  in  this  country  with  all  kinds  of  Scandinavian  books. 

Write  to  us  for  information  about  books  you  would  like  to  get,  or  ask  us  to  send  you  free  catalogues. 
LET     US     GET     ACQUAINTED 
ALBERT  BONNIER   PUBLISHING   HOUSE.                          561  Third  Avenue.  NEW  YORK  CIT\ 
U.  S.  Agency  for  all  the  Scandinavian  Publishing  Houses 

6 

carried  on  by  the  London  County  Council  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  London.  Mr.  William  Archer  and  Mr.  K.  F. 
Knudsen  are  presidents  of  the  club,  which  meets  every 
other  Wednesday  evening.  Mr.  lUit  Grondahl,  whose 
translations  of  Wergeland  have  appeared  in  the  Review, 
IB  active  as  teacher  and  lecturer.  We  hope  the  good 
work  will  be  extended  to  include  also  studies  of  Danish 
and  Swedish. 


The  commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park  in  Philadelphia 
and  the  art  jury  have  accepted  the  plaster  model 
designed  by  Einar  J6ns.son,  the  Icelandic  sculptor,  of 
Tliorfinn  Karlsefni.  The  statue  is  now  being  cast 
in  bronze.  Mr.  Jonsson  has  spent  the  past  year  in 
Philadelphia  completing  his  model  as  the  guest  of 
Mr.  J.  Bunford  Samuel,  who  personally  presented  the 
statue  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia  as  the  first  in  a  series  of 
historical  statues  to  be  erected  along  the  river  in  Fair- 
mount  Park,  the  others  being  provided  for  by  the  will 
of  the  late  Mrs.  Samuel.  Mr.  Jonsson  came  to  America 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  American-Scandinavian 
Foundation.  A  number  of  the  Scandinavian  citizens  of 
Philadelphia  saw  the  statue  at  a  private  view  held  on 
the  afternoon  of  Simday,  July  14. 


A  recent  meeting  of  the  Danmarks  Amerikanske 
Selskab  in  Copenhagen  was  addressed  by  the  President, 
Director  H.  P.  Prior,  on  his  impressions  of  America 
and  the  War  derived  from  his  recent  visit  to  this 
country  as  a  special  commissioner.  A  considerable 
audience  was  gathered  to  hear  Mr.  Prior,  including  the 
Rector  of  the  I  Diversity  of  Copenhagen  and  the 
Director  of  the  Polytechnic  High  School.  The  society 
plans  to  raise  a  fund  to  send  Danish  apprentice  students 
in  technical  subjects  to  America,  connections  to  lie 
made  by  the  Anierican-Scandina\'ian  Ftnmdation. 


Among  the  numerous  accounts  of  patriotic  work 
that  have  come  to  us  since  the  National  Service  Number 
went  to  press,  one  deserves  special  mention  in  the  South 
Jutland  Number.  Lutheran  churches  centering  around 
San  Francisco,  including  those  of  northern  California 
and  some  scattered  congregations  in  neighboring  states, 
raised  more  than  four  million  dollars  in  the  Third 
Liberty  Loan  drive.  The  membership  of  these  churches 
is  chiefly  Scamiinavian,  the  South-Jutlanders  forming 
a  strong  element.  The  chairman  of  the  committee 
was  Rev.  E.  M.  Stensrud,  pastor  of  an  F-nglish  Lutlieran 
church  in  San  Francisco. 


To  Mr.  Viggo  F.berlin,  of  New  York,  belongs  the 
credit  of  having  brought  Carl  Neumanns  song, "  I  Heard 
My  Country's  Call."  before  a  wider  public.      The  text 


w^ith  the  music  may  be  ordered  from  him  either  in  a 
small  folder  at  ten  cents  or  printed  on  post-cards  ready 
for  mailing.  Mr.  EberUn's  address  is  305  F^st  206th 
Street. 


Mr.  David  Edstrom  has  signed  a  contract  for  two 
statues,  representing  Isis  and  Nephthys,  to  be  erected 
in  the  Masonic  House  of  the  Temple,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  .buildings  in  Washington.  The  figures  are  to 
be  cut  in  Swedish  block  granite. 


Mr.  Edwin  Olaf  Holter  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  organization  for  the  great  meeting  held  in 
Madison  Square  Garden  on  Bastile  Day,  July  14,  as 
a  tribute  of  admiration  and  sympathy  for  France. 


The  following  have  been  elected  corresponding  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  for  the  Advancement  of  Scandinavian 
Study :  Professor  W.  A.  Craigie  for  Scotland;  Professor 
Halfdan  Koht  and  Professor  Gerhard  Gran  for  Nor- 
way; Bredo  Kristensen  (instead  of  Axel  Olrik,  deceased) 
and  Dr.  Kr.  Kaalund  for  Denmark. 


In  his  review  of  William  Morton  Payne's  translation 
of  Arnljot.  Gelline  (Volume  VHI  of  the  Scandikavian 
Cl.\ssics  published  by  the  Foundation)  which  appeared 
in  the  February  number  of  Scandinavian  Studies  and 
Notes,  Professor  Flom  erroneously  states  that  this 
edition  is  a  re-print.  Professor  Payne  was  engaged  by 
the  Foundation  to  translate  the  volume  especially  for 
this  series,  and  it  has  never  before  appeared  in  English. 


Mr.  F.  E.  H.  Velander,  Swedish  Fellow  of  the  Amer- 
ican-Scandinavian Foundation  for  1917-18,  has  been 
appointed  for  the  coming  year  research  assistant  in 
the  department  of  electrical  engineering  at  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  Mr.  Velander 
recently  received  the  master's  degree  at  Harvard,  with 
the  highest  standing  in  all  courses. 


The  personal  misfortune  which  attended  Professor 
Amandus  Johnson  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
on  the  evening  of  June  "25  was  also  a  public  loss.  In 
the  fire  that  destroyed  his  cottage  the  manuscript  of 
the  third  volume  of  his  Swedish  Settlers  on  the  Delaware 
was  consumed,  as  well  as  another  manuscript,  the 
labor  of  years. 


The  faculty  and  students  of  Concordia  College  in 
Moorhead  have  chosen  an  excellent  means  of  aiding 
the  library  of  their  institution — so  often  a  weak  point 
in  small  colleges — by  pledging  )i«1.800  in  War  Savings 
Stamps  to  be  applied,  when  they  fall  due,  to  the  pur- 
chase of  books. 


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.1 D  I ' E RTI S E M E N  T .S 


295 


THE  HOLY  CITY 

JERUSALEM    II 

By  SELMA   LAGERLOF 
Translated  by  Velma  Swanston  Howard 

Recent  military  events  about  Palestine  add  new  interest  to  this  latest 
book,  "Jerusalem  II,"  by  the  distinguished  winner  of  the  Nobel  Prize. 
It  is  a  continuation  of  her  already  famous  epic,  "Jerusalem,"  and  yet  it 
is  complete  in  itself. 

The  religious  upheaval  that  took  the  Dalecarlians  to  Jerusalem  places 
them  in  the  colony  founded  there  by  the  Gordons,  Americans.  The 
highest  level  of  this  writer's  genius  is  touched  in  this  story  of  persecu- 
tion and  physical  hardship.     Net  $1.50. 

The  Northland  edition,  leather.    $1.75. 

DOUBLEDAY  PAGE  AND  COMPANY 

GARDEN   CITY,  NEW   YORK 


^Jj.\v-.i.v,,^ 


D.B.  UPDIKE 

Ct)c  ^errpmount  Press 

232  SUMMER   STREET 
BOSTON 

PRINTERS  OF  PTNE  BOOKS  FOR 

BOOK  CLUBS,  INSTITUTIONS,  AND 

PRIVATE   PERSONS 

&c.  fefc.  fefc. 

T'he  Series  of  Scandinavian  Classics,  and  Hust- 
vedt's  "Ballad  Criticism"  and  Hovgaard's 
''Voyages  of  the  Norseinen,"  in  the  Scandina- 
vian Monographs,  were  printed  for  the  Ameri- 
can-Scandinavian Foundation  by  this  Press. 


THE  SCANDINAVIAN 
ART  SHOP 


NEW  YORK  and 
BAR  HARBOR 


The  present  reaction  from 
Period  furnishings  to 
Peasant  art  is  interestingly 
treated  in  our  shop. 

Architects,  decorators  and 
home  furnishers  will  find 
a  visit  both  interesting  and 
helpful. 


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^296 


.  1  OVERT  I S  E  M  E  N  T  S 


ESTABLISHED      17-46 

ROYAL  COPENHAGEN  PORCELAIN 
SSS  and  DANISH  ARTS,  Inc,  SS 

563  FIFTH  iVVENUE,  Near    46  th  SU  NEW  YORK 


WE  Jire  sliowing  a  choice  collection  of  products  from 
the  Royal  Copenhaj^eu  factories.  Everyone 
acknowledges  and  appreciates  the  beauty  of  Royal 
Copenhagen  Porcelain— it  is  prized  throughout  the 
world.  The  (piaint  and  excpiisite  Miniature  Representa- 
tions of  human  and  animal  life  are  without  equal  and  have 

a    charm    all    their   own. 
They  are  modeled  by  emi- 
nent Daiiisji  artists.    We 
have    in    Royal  Copen- 
hagen  Porcelain,  Din- 
ner Services,  Tea  and 
('offee     Services, 
hand-decorated 
Vases,   Flower 
Holders,    Table 
Centrepieces, 
Plaques,  etc. 


'Soldier  and  Witch" — taken  from  Hans  Cliristiaii 
Andersen's  storv  of  the  "Tinder  Box" 


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ADVERTISEMENTS 


ir> 


STORM  k  BULL 

(INCORPORATED) 
2  RECTOR  STREET,  NEW  YORK  CITY 

IMPORT  EXPORT 

Specialties  Specialties 

South  American  and  Scandinavian         Iron  and  Steel  Products,  Paper, 
Products  Chemicals,  Machinery 

Own  Houses: 

CHRISTIANIA    •    STOCKHOLM    •    BUENOS  AIRES    •    MONTEVIDEO 
VALPARAISO— LA  PAZ 

Active  Representation: 
Principal  Cities: 

AUSTRALIA— BRAZIL— SOUTH  AFRICA— FAR  EAST 

CORRESPONDENCE  INVITED 


TRADE   NOTES 

News  and  Comment  on  Exports  and  Trade  Conditions 
Between  America  and  the  Scandinavian  Countries 

Norwegian  Shipbuilding  in  the  United  States 

Critics  of  Scandinavian  neutrality  will  have  to  admit 
that  so  far  as  concerns  Norwegians  in  the  United  States 
those  occupied  with  shipbuilding  are  giving  their  entire 
effort  to  aiding  this  country  in  the  winning  of  the  war. 
This  applies  in  particular  to  Christoffer  Hannevig,  Inc., 
owners  of  the  Pusey  &  Jones  shipyards  at  Gloucester, 
N.  J.,  and  Wilmington,  Del.  The  largest  ship  launched 
on  the  Fourth  of  July  was  a  Hannevig  product,  the 
Indianapolis,  which  stands  as  a  direct  evidence  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  Norwegians  are  pushing  the  ship- 
building program  of  the  United  States. 


members,  with  Prof.  Nils  Wohlin  secretary.  Almost 
all  the  industries  and  trades  in  Sweden  are  represented 
in  the  new  organization. 


Scandinavians  in  South  America 

The  Norwegian  Commodoro  Oil  Fields,  Ltd.,  is  the 
latest  Scandinavian  concern  to  enter  South  America 
on  a  large  scale.  Argentina  is  now  proving  itself  a 
valuable  oil  country,  and  among  those  interested  in  the 
Norwegian  enterprise  are  Eilert  Sundt,  Consul  General 
Rudolf  Olsen,  and  Ole  Thoresen,  of  Christiania,  and 
Engineer  Albert  Schwartz,  of  Buenos  Aires. 


Sweden  Prepares  for  After-war  Trade 

A  new  central  committee  for  Swedish  export  after 
the  war  has  been  formed  to  work  in  conjunction  with 
the  existing  organizations,  the  Swedish  General  Export 
Union  and  the  Swedish  Chamber  of  Manufacturers. 
The  object  of  the  new  committee  is  to  take  care  of  the 
Swedish  export  interests  in  a  more  complete  way  than 
is  possible  through  any  existing  industrial  corporation. 
The    central    committee    is    composed    of   twenty-two 


Valuable  Report  by  Consul  Boggild 

The  Copenhagen  newspapers  are  quoting  freely  from 
the  report  of  Consul  J.  E.  Boggild  at  New  York  on 
America's  war  preparations  and  the  manner  in  which 
the  various  interests  here  are  cooperating  to  bring  about 
victory.  Consul  Boggild  has  the  faculty  of  presenting 
facts  and  figures  in  a  way  to  make  his  report  extremely 
readable,  while  his  long  familiarity  with  American 
institutions  naturally  gives  weight  to  his  opinions  at 
home.  

Norway  Has  Cable  Factory 

American  Vice-Consul  Carlson  at  Christiania  informs 
the  State  Department  that  the  plant  of  the  first 
Norwegian  cable  company  has  just  been  completed. 
The  home  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  wire  and 
cable  should  somewhat  overcome  the  diflBcultles  of 
importations  and  will  be  of  great  importance  in  a 
coimtry  where  electrical  energy  is  to  play  an  ever- 
increasing  part,  owing  to  the  development  of  the 
water  power.  

"Evening  Post"  Foreign  Supplement 

The  third  quarterly  issue  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post's  foreign  trade  supplement  contained  several 
interesting  articles  on  Scandinavian  trade,  now  and 
later.  Norway  and  Sweden  are  making  steady  progress 
in  adjusting  themselves  to  the  situation  created  by  the 
War,  and  with  the  gradual  lifting  of  the  embargo  there 
is  every  possibility  that  trade  relations  with  America 
will  return  to  a  condition  more  nearly  normal  than  is 
now  the  case. 


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^298  ADJ'ERTISEMEXTS 


H.  S.  JOHAHraSlN 

CABLE  50  CHURCH  ST.,  NEW  YORK        telephone 

..^ESMUO-  ESTABUSHED  :.0.  ™RTLAND 

EXPORT 
IMPORT 
SHIPPING 

SHIPS  CHARTERED      WAREHOUSING 

HOISTING,  DIGGING  &  CONVEYING  MACHINERY 

POWER  MACHINERY 

MARINE  AND  STATIONARY  OIL  ENGINES 


Bech,  Van  Siclen  &  Co.,  Inc. 
IMPOR  T-  EXPOR  T 

17  Battery  Place 
NEW  YORK 

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A  D  VER  TI  SEMEN  TS 


999 


New  York  Forwarding  Co.,  Inc. 


Agents 

OSCAR  A.  OLSEN 

Branch  Offices 

GOTHENBURG 

General  Manager 

CHRISTIANIA,  Kirkegaten  6  B. 

STOCKHOLM 

COPENHAGEN,  Peder  Skramsgade  28 

LICENSES:   Applying  for  American   and  British 

Licenses. 
WAREHOUSE:  Storing  all  kinds  of  goods. 
INSURANCE:  Marine,  War,  Fire,  and  all  risks. 
FINANCING:  Value  of  merchandise,  freight  and 

charges  payable  against  surrender  of  documents 

upon  arrival  at  destination. 


ANDREW  GULICK  &  CO.,  Inc. 

Exporters  and  Merchant  Brokers 


S.  HENDRICHSEN,  Agent 
Fougstadgt  .25,  Kristiania 

Motor  Attachment  for  Cycles 
Truck  Attachment  to  "Ford'' 
Electric  Lamps  and  Batteries 
Row  Boat  Motors 


A.  G.  GULICK 

President 
.  .  EXPORTING 

256  and  257  BI 
NEW  YORK, 

lOA 
U. 

D^ 

S. 

NAY 
A. 

Adding  Machines 
Boots  and  Shoes 
Hide  and  Sole  Leather 
Cotton  Goods 

Hosiery 
Raincoats 
Folding  Saw 
Typewriters 

Tractors 

' '  Carbola'  '—White-washing 

Dyes 

Snap  Fasteners 

JAMES  ROSENBERG,  President  L.  W.  BOWMALL,  Vice-President  and  Treasurer 

AMERICAN  WOODPULP  CORPORATION 

CHEMICAL  AND  MECHANICAL  WOODPULPS 

RAGS,  NEW  CUTTINGS,  BAGGING,  ETC. 
347  MADISON  AVENUE  Telephone:  Vanderbilt  3440-1-2-3 


Dayton— R.  R.  Reed 


Branches: 
Kalamazoo — F.  D.  Haskell 


NEW  YORK 

Holyoke— J.  B.  Woodruff  Inc. 


CLARX  100%  PURE 

Whole  Wheat  Flour 

Whole  Wheat  Graham  Flour 

Whole  Rye  Flour 

Corn  Flour  and  Oat  Flour 

CLARX  MILLING  COMPANY 

Minneapolis 


Scandinavian  Business  Men  in  the  Van 

It  was  remarked  during  the  great  Fourth  of  July 
loyalty  demonstration  that  the  Danish,  Norwegian, 
and  Swedish  divisions  made  a  most  unique  appearance 
with  their  various  floats  representative  of  episodes  in 
the  development  of  the  nationalities  here.  Scandi- 
navian-American business  men  contributed  liberally  for 
the  purpose. 


Agricultukal  Exports 

The  complete  returns  of  the  country's  agricultura 
exports,  as  issued  by  the  Department  of  Commerce  for 
February,  shows  total  shipments  to  have  amounted  to 
$180,271,457,  as  against  $186,502,274  in  January  and 
$120,416,541  m  February  of  last  year.  J.  M. 


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300 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


Telegraphic  Address: 
MATCHSTROM— NEW  YORK 


Telephones — Beekman  ] 


Stromborg  Export  &  Import  Co. , 


Inc. 


Tribune  Building,  NEW  YORK 


«THE  SHIP« 


Swedish 

Safety 


UNITED  SWEDISH  MATCH  FACTORIES 

STOCKHOLM,  SWEDEN 

EXPORT        CHEMICALS        IMPORT 


SWEDISH  IRON  AND 
STEEL  CORPORATION 

THOMAS  TOWNE, 

Vice-President  and  General  Manager 

General  Offices, 
12  PLATT  STREET.  NEW  YORK  CITY 

"SISCO"    PRODUCTS 

FINE  TOOL  AND  ALLOY  STEELS 

in    Billets,    Bars,   Discs,   Blocks,    and    Sheets 

Common  and  Deep  Drawing  Steel  Sheet* 
High  Speed  Steel        Cold  Rolled  Strip  Steel 
Drill  Rods  Drawn  Bars 

Swedish  Iron  Siseo  Welding  Wire 

High  Grade  Specialties 

Catalogues  and  information  on  request 

BRANCH  OFFICES  AND  WAREHOUSES 

BROOKLYN  CLEVELAND  NEW  ORLEANS 

BOSTON  CHICAGO        DENVER 

PHILADELPHIA  DETROIT        MONTREAL.  Can. 
STOCKHOLM.  Sweden 


Telephone  <  ,~„,   Broad 

r  ij     ^  "Scandinavian  American 
i^aoies  ^    Trading  Newyork" 

Scandinavian  -American 
Trading  Company 

Produce  Exchange  Building 
NEW  YORK 

— o— 

Importers  and  Exporters  of 

WOOD  PULP 

and  all  kinds  of 

Chemicals  and  Machinery 


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Benham  &    Boyesen 


Inc. 


Ship  Brokers 

Steamship 

and 

Commission  Agents 


General  Freight  Agents  for 
Norwegian  America   Line 


8-10  Bridge  Street 


New  York 


PouLSEN  (§  Company 


INCORPORATED 


43  CEDAR  STREET 
NEW  YORK 

General  Insurance 
Brokers 

MARINE  (hull,  cargo,  freight,  war) 
FIRE 

AUTOMOBILE 

LIABILITY 

BURGLARY 


PHONE,  JOHN  2510-2511 
INQUIRIES   SOLICITED 


Telephone:  8790  Bowling  Green 

S.  O.  STRAY  &  CO. 

INC. 

Steamship  Assents 
and  Ship  Brokers 

11  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


Branch  Office 

BUENOS  AIRES 

309  Cangallo 


Head  Office 

S.  O.  STRAY  &  CO. 

Christianssand  S,  Norway 
SHIPOWNERS  AND   BROKERS 


Marine  Insurance 

NoRSKE  Lloyd  Insurance 
Company,  ltd. 


3  SOUTH  WILLIAM  STREET 
NEW  YORK  CITY 


Russia's  External  Loans 

It  is  estimated  that  at  least  $4,000,000,000  of  Russia's 
external  loans  is  in  the  hands  of  foreign  investors. 
This  is  significant  in  view  of  the  Bolsheviki  Govern- 
ment's announcement  that  it  would  repudiate  loans 
made  previous  to  coming  into  power.  Now  that  the 
British  Government  announces  that  it  will  no  longer 
meet  maturing  coupons  on  the  external  Russian  loans, 
still  further  interest  attaches  to  the  amounts  held  abroad 
and  which  are  as  follows:  France,  nearly  three-fourths; 
England  something  under  $500,000,000;  Holland, 
$400,000,000;  Germany,  $375,000,000.  Considerable 
amounts  are  also  to  be  credited  to  the  Scandinavian 
countries. 


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302 


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NORWEGIAN  AMERICA  LINE 


,4 

> 

il 

1 

^^^HHi^^^^^^ 

^^^^' 

■s??*^^   ^SHl 

HOBE  &  CO. 

General  Northwestern  Passenger  Agents 

123  South  Third  Street 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 


BIRGER  OSLAND  &  CO. 

General  Western  Passenger  Agents 
115  South  Dearborn  Street 
Chicago,  111. 


jVIodern  Twin-Screw 
Steamers 

ss. 

Stavangerfjord 

18,000  Tons 
PDisplacement 

SS. 
Bergensfjord 

16,000  Tons 
Displacement 


NORWEGIAN 

AMERICA 

LINE 

PASSENGER 

AGENCY,  Inc. 

8-10  Bridge  St. 
New  York 

General  Passenger 
Agents  for  the  United 
States  and  Canada 

REIDAR  GJOLME 

General  Pacific  Coast  Agent 

Arctic  Bldg.,  Third  &  Cherry  Streets 

Seattle,  Wash. 


NORWAY    MEXICO     GULF     LINE    AND 
SWEDISH     AMERICA     MEXICO     LINE 

Regular  service  between  GOTEBORG,  CHRISTIANIA  and  STAVAN- 

GER    and    NEWPORT     NEWS,    VA.,     HAVANA,     CUBA, 

GALVESTON,  TEX.,  and  xNEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 

Passengers  Carried  Wireless  Apparatus 

AGENTS 
FEARNLEY  &  EGER.  Christiania  SANDSTROM  STRANNE  &  CO..  Ltd.,  G6teborg 

FURNESS  WITHY  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Furness  House,  Whitehall  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  and  Newport  News,  Va. 
FOWLER  &  McVITIE  LYKES  BROS. 

Galveston,  Tex.  Havana,  Cuba 


JAS.  P.  ROBERTSON 
:  1 1  West  Jackson  Boulevard 
Chicago.  111. 


GEO.  PLANT 
1 19  Whitney  Central  Bldg. 
New  Orleans,  La. 


The  Only  High- Class  Scandinavian 
Restaurant  in  New  York 


^w^i-mami£ 


NEAR  HERALD  SQUARE 

Phone:  Greeley  4782 


Rendezvous  for  Scandinavians  from  all  over  the 
world  when  visiting  New  York 

Dinner  with  famous  "Smorgasbord."     American  and  Scandinavian  Dishes. 

HENRY  ^L\.LGREN,  Prop. 


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%  SCANDINAVIAN-AMERICAN     LINE  7 

NEW   YORK-  NORWAY?    SWEDEN     &    DENMARK. 


117  N.  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
236  Nicollet  Ave.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
248  Washington  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 


GENERAL  OFFICES:  Passenger  Department 

I  544  Market  St.,  San  Francisco.  C 

BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 

I  702  Second  .A.ve.,  Seattle,  Wash. 


SWEDISH  AMERICAN  LINE 

r  - ^        -    -  -^  (SVENSKA  AMERIKA  LINIEN) 

,     Direct     Pa8.«enper    Service   between    New 
York  and  Gothenburg,  Sweden 

Short  Routp  to  Sweden,  Norway,  Den- 
mark,  Finland,   Russia  and  other 
parts  of  the  European  Continent 

Twin-Screw  S.S.  "Stockholm" 

Length  565  Feet.    22.070  Tons  Displacement 

Largest  Steamer  in  Service  between  America 
and  Scandinavia,  is  provided  with  all  modern 
safety  appliances,  and  every  care  is  taken  to 
give  the  passengers  a  safe  and  comfortable 
journey. 

Unsurpassed    passenger    appointments    in 
First,  Second  and  Third  Classes. 

NIELSEN   &    LUNDBECK,    General    Passenger 
Agents,  24  State  Street,  New  York. 

MARTIN  MAURD,  General  Western  Agent.  183 
N.  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago. 

NILS  NILSON,  General  Northwestern  Agent,  127 
S.  Third  St.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

BRATTSTROM     &    CO.,    General    No.    Pacific 
Agents,  117  Cherry  St.,  Seattle,  Wash. 

A.  HALLONOUIST,  General  Agent,  396  Logan 
Ave.,  Winnipeg,  Man.,  Can. 


304 


ADVERTISEMEXrS 


CUNARD    LINE 


AQUITANIA  MAURETANIA 

Fastest   Passenger  Service  in  the  World 
To  and  from  the  Scandinavian  Countries 

Record  trip.  New  York  to  Gothenburg,  7  days,  7  hours,  45  minutes 

Quickest  Route  to  Europe 


SERVICES  AS   FOLLOWS 
NEW  YORK— LIVERPOOL  NEW  YORK— FALMOUTH— LONDON 

NEW  YORK— BRISTOL  NEW  YORK— MEDITERRANEAN 

BOSTON— LIVERPOOL  BOSTON— LONDON 

MONTREAI^-<JUEBEC— BRISTOL  MONTREAL— QUEBEC— LONDON 


Special  through  rates  to  Egypt,  India,  China,  Japan,  Philippines, 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  South  Africa  and  South  America 

TRIPS  AROUND  THE  WORLD:   $474.85  First  Class.  $380  Second  Class 


DRAFTS.  MONEY  ORDERS.  MAIL  OR  CABLE 
GREAT  BRITAIN  SCANDINAVIA  HOLLAND  ITALY 

SPAIN  PORTUGAL  FRANCE  SWITZERLAND 

THE  CUNARD  STEAM  SHIP  COMPANY  LIMITED 


21-24  STATE  STREET 


NEW  YORK 


Offices  or  Agents  Everywhere 


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Redfield-Kexdrick-Ode 
new  york  city 


DVERTISEMEXTS 


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PARK  ROW  BUILDING,  NEW  YORK 


IMPORTERS —  EXPORTERS 


Branch  Office:  SAX  FRAXXISCO,  Rialto  Buildinc 


AFFILIATED  ESTABLISHMEXTS 

SWEDEN:  Stockholm  CHILE:  Valparaiso 

RUSSIA:  Petrograd  CHILE:  Coqumibo 

ARGENTINA:  Buenos  Aires  CHILE:  Concepcion 

BRAZIL:  Rio  de  Janeiro  CUBA:  Havana 

BRAZIL:  Sao  Paulo  CUBA:  Santiago 

CHILE:  Santiago 

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^^^ 


pOR  over  800  years  the  iron  mines  of  Dannemora  an 

Bispberg.  situated  in  two  of  tlie  oldest  and  most  picturesque  Swedis 

provinces,  have  yielded  the  richest,  iron  ore  known.     The  crude  ore  first  goes  through  a  burnii 


process  to  reduce  the  percentage  of  sulpiiur — then  to 
the  glowing  blast  furnaces  where  it  is  reduced  with 
charcoal. 

Interesting  is  the  fact  that  the  furnaces  for  S  K  F 
sieel  are  built  for  a  capacity  not  greater  than  15  to  20 
tons    per   day.    and    the  ore   takes    from   20   to   24 


hours  to  pass  through  the  furnace.  While  this  proce 
is  very  slow  it  gives  a  pig  iron  of  superior  analys 
which  is  the  foundation  of  Swedish  Crucible  Ste 
5  K  F  Steel  is  unequalled  in  elasticity  and  strength 
uniformly  hard  throughout  and  best  suited  for  b 
bearings. 


SKF"  BALL  BEARING  CO. 

HARTFORD,  CONN. 


SKF- 


CAYLOROI 

SyraeuM^KY. 
Stockton,  Calif . 


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